使用Vector类来模拟随机行走

     

      使用程序模拟醉鬼走路问题，将一个人领到街灯柱下，这个人开始走动，但每一步的方向都是随机的，

。这个问题的一种表述是，这个人走到离柱灯50英尺处需要多少步。从矢量角度看，这相当于不断将方向

随机的矢量相加，直至长度超过50英尺。

randwalk.cpp

//randwalk.cpp -- using the Vector class
// compile with the Vector.h
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <time.h>
#include "vector.h"

int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	using VECTOR::Vector;
	srand ( time ( 0 ) );
	double direction;
	Vector step;
	Vector result;
	unsigned long steps = 0;
	double target;
	double dstep;

	cout << "Enter target distance ( q to quit);";
	while ( cin >> target)
	{
		result.set(0, 0,'r');
		cout << "Enter step length: ";
		if(!(cin >> dstep))
		break;
		while ( result.magval() < target)
		{
			direction = rand()% 360;
			step.set (dstep, direction, 'p' );
			result = result + step;//
			steps++ ;
		}
		cout << "After "<< steps << " steps, the subject has  the following location: \n";
		cout << result << endl;
		result.polar_mode();
		cout << "or \n" << result << endl;
		cout << "Average outward distance per step = "<< result.magval()/steps << endl;
		steps = 0;
		result.set(0.0, 0.0 );
		cout << "Enter target distance (q to quit) :";

	}

	cout << "Bye!\n";
	
	return 0;
}

这个小程序使用修改后的Vector类

Vector.cpp

#include <cmath>
#include "vector.h"
using std::sin;
using std::cos;
using std::atan2;
using std::cout;

namespace VECTOR
{
	const double Rad_to_deg = 57.2957795130823;

	void Vector::set_mag()
	{
		mag = sqrt(x * x + y * y);
	}

	void Vector::set_ang()
	{
		if(x == 0 || y == 0)
			ang = 0.0;
		else ang = atan2 (y ,x);
	}

	//set x from polar coordinate
	void Vector::set_x()
	{
		x = mag * cos (ang);
	
	}
	void Vector::set_y()
	{
		y = mag * sin (ang);
	}

	//public methods
	Vector::Vector()
	{
		x =  y = mag = ang = 0.0;
		mode = 'r';
	}

	//construct vector from rectangular coordinates if form is r
	// (the default) or else from polar coordinates if form is p
	Vector::Vector(double n1, double n2, char form)
	{
		mode = form;
		if( form == 'r')
		{
			x =n1;
			y = n2;
			set_mag();
			set_ang();
					
		}
		else if(form == 'p')
		{
			mag = n1;
			ang = n2 / Rad_to_deg;
			set_x();
			set_y();
					
		}
		else
		{
			cout << "Incorrect srd argument to Vector()--";
			cout << "vector set to 0\n";
			x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;
			mode = 'r';
		}

	}

	//set vector from rectangle coordinates if form is r
	//(the default) or else from polar coordinates if form is p
	void Vector::set (double n1, double n2 ,char form)
	{
		mode = form;
		if(form == 'r')
		{
			x = n1;
			y = n2;
			set_mag();
			set_ang();		
		}
		else if(form == 'p')
		{
			mag = n1;
			ang = n2 / Rad_to_deg;
			set_x();
			set_y();
				
		}
		else
		{
			cout << "Incorrect srd argument to Vector()--";
			cout << "vector set to  0\n";
			x = y = mag = ang =0.0;
			mode = 'r';
		}
	}
	Vector::~Vector()// sestructor
	{
	}

	void Vector::polar_mode()//成员函数可以访问私有成员变量
	{
		mode = 'p';
	}
	void Vector::rect_mode()
	{
		mode = 'r';
	}
	
	// operator overloading 
	// add two vectors
	Vector Vector::operator+ (const Vector & b)const
	{
		return Vector (x + b.x,y + b.y,'r');//根据需要做了一下修改，如果不将这里的第三个参数设置成'r'的话,调用的函数将会重置Vector对象的数据。

        }

	//substract Vector b from a
	Vector Vector::operator- (const Vector & b)const
	{
		return Vector(x-b.x,y-b.y);
	
	}

	//reverse sign of Vector
	Vector Vector::operator- ()const
	{
		return Vector(-x, -y);
	}

	//multiple vector by n
	Vector Vector::operator* (double n)const
	{
		return Vector (n * x, n * y);
	}

	//friend methods
	//multiple n by vector a
	Vector operator* (double n, const Vector & a)
	{
		return a * n;
	}

	//display rectangle coordinates  if mode is  r,
	// else display polar coordinates if  mode is p
	std::ostream & operator<< (std::ostream & os, const Vector & v)
	{
		if(v.mode ==  'r')
			os <<  "(x, y)  = (" << v.x <<","<< v.y << ")";
		else if(v.mode== 'p')
		{
			os << " (m,a) = (" << v.mag << ", " << v.ang*Rad_to_deg<<")";
		}
		else 
			os << "Vector object mode is invalid ";
		return os;

	
	}
}// end namespace VECTOR

vectot.h

 

#ifndef VECTOR_H_
#define VECTOR_H_
#include  <iostream>

namespace VECTOR
{
	class Vector
	{
	private:
		double x;
		double y;
		double mag;
		double ang;
		char mode;
		void set_mag();
		void set_ang();
		void set_x();
		void set_y();
	public:
		Vector();
		Vector(double n1,double n2, char form = ' r ');
		void set(double n1,double n2, char form =  'r');
		~Vector();
		double xval()const { return x; }
		double yval()const { return y; }
		double magval()const { return mag;}
		double angval()const {return ang;}
		void polar_mode();
		void rect_mode();

		Vector operator+ (const Vector & b) const;
		Vector operator- (const Vector & c) const;
		Vector operator- () const;
		Vector operator* (double n) const;

		friend Vector operator* (double n, const Vector & a);
		friend std::ostream & operator<< (std::ostream & os ,const Vector & v);
	};
	
}//end namespcae VECTOR

#endif

实验结果与分析

    进行1000次试验（走50英尺，步长为2英尺）时，平均步数为636（与理论值625非常接近），但实际步数位于91~3951之间。同样，进行1000次试验（走50英尺，步长为1英尺）时，平均步数为2557（与理论值2500非常接近），但实际步数位于345~10882之间。因此，如果发现自己在随机行走时，请保持自信，迈大步走。虽然在晚宴前进的过程中仍旧无法控制前进的方向，但至少会走得远一点（这句话在某些场合还是很有道理的）。