资料整理——Oracle基本概念、术语（Glossary from Oracle Concepts）——第十五部分（完结）

“表空间（tablespace）是一个逻辑容器，是为了统一Oracle物理和逻辑的结构而专门建立的。从物理上来说，一个表空间是由具体的一个或多个物理文件构成的；从逻辑上来说一个表空间是由具体的一个或多个用户模式下的表、索引等数据构成。在Oracle中表不可能单独存在，一定隶属于某一个用户，而某用户的数据必定存在于某个表空间中。

　　方案（schema）又叫模式，是比表空间小一级的逻辑概念，它也是一个逻辑容器。多个用户可能共用一个表空间，那如何区分开每一个用户？那么在表空间中对每个用户都有一个对应的方案，用于保存单个用户的信息。

　　oracle中存储的层次结构总结如下：

　　1）数据库由一个或多个表空间组成；

　　2）表空间由一个或多个数据文件组成，一个表空间包含多个段；

　　3）段由一个或多个区组成；

　　4）区是数据文件中一个连续的分配空间，由一个或多个块组成；

　　5）块是数据库中最小、最基本的单位，是数据库使用的最小的I/O单元；

　　6）每个用户都有一个对应的方案。”

概念	中文	描述
table lock	表锁定	A lock on a table that is acquired by a transaction when a table is modified by an INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE, SELECT ... FOR UPDATE, or LOCK TABLE statement.
tablespace	表空间	A database storage unit that groups related logical structures together. The database data files are stored in tablespaces.
temp file	临时文件	A file that belongs to a temporary tablespace. The temp files in temporary tablespaces cannot contain permanent database objects.
temporary segment	临时段	A segment created by Oracle Database when a SQL statement needs a temporary database area to complete execution.
temporary table	临时表	A table that holds an intermediate result set for the duration of a transaction or a session. Only the current session can see the data in temporary tables.
temporary tablespace	临时表空间	A tablespace that can only contain transient data that persists only for the duration of a session. No permanent schema objects can reside in a temporary tablespace.
temporary undo segment	临时撤销段	An optional space management container for temporary undo data only.
trace file	跟踪文件	An administrative file that contain diagnostic data used to investigate problems. Oracle Database writes trace files to ADR.
transaction	事务	Logical unit of work that contains one or more SQL statements. All statements in a transaction commit or roll back together. The use of transactions is one of the most important ways that a database management system differs from a file system.
transaction entry	事务条目	Space in the block header that is required for every transaction that updates the block. In data blocks allocated to segments that support transactional changes, free space can also hold transaction entries when the header space is depleted.
Transaction Guard	事务Guard	A database feature that uses a logical transaction ID to prevent the possibility of a client application submitting duplicate transactions after a recoverable error.
transaction idempotence	事务幂等性	The ability to return a guaranteed outcome for a transaction: whether it committed and whether the call was completed.
transaction ID	事务ID	An identifier is unique to a transaction and represents the undo segment number, slot, and sequence number.
transaction-level read consistency	事务级读一致性	The guarantee of read consistency to all queries in a transaction. Each statement in a transaction sees data from the same point in time, which is the time at which the transaction began.
transaction name	事务名	An optional, user-specified tag that serves as a reminder of the work that the transaction is performing. Name a transaction with the SET TRANSACTION ... NAME statement.
transaction recovery	事务恢复	A phase of instance recovery in which uncommitted transactions are rolled back.
transaction table	事务表	The data structure within an undo segment that holds the transaction identifiers of the transactions using the undo segment.
transition point	转移点	The high value of the range partitions determined by the range partition key value.
Transparent Data Encryption	透明数据加密	A database feature that encrypts individual table columns or a tablespace. When a user inserts data into an encrypted column, the database automatically encrypts the data. When users select the column, the data is decrypted. This form of encryption is transparent, provides high performance, and is easy to implement.
transportable tablespace	可传输表空间	A tablespace that you can copy or move between databases. Oracle Data Pump provides the infrastructure for transportable tablespaces.
trigger	触发器	A PL/SQL or Java procedure that fires when a table or view is modified or when specific user or database actions occur. Procedures are explicitly run, whereas triggers are implicitly run.
tuple	元组	An unordered set of attribute values.
two-phase commit mechanism	两阶段提交机制	A mechanism in a distributed database that guarantees that all databases participating in a distributed transaction either all commit or all undo the statements in the transaction.
UGA (User global area)	用户全局区	Session memory that stores session variables, such as logon information, and can also contain the OLAP pool.
undo data	撤销数据	Records of the actions of transactions, primarily before they are committed. The database can use undo data to logically reverse the effect of SQL statements. Undo data is stored in undo segments.
undo retention period	撤销保留时间	The minimum amount of time that the database attempts to retain old undo data before overwriting it.
undo segment	撤销段	A segment in an undo tablespace.
undo tablespace	撤销表空间	A tablespace containing undo segments when automatic undo management mode is enabled.
Unicode	Unicode	A universal encoded character set that can store information in any language using a single character set.
unified audit policy	统一审计策略	A policy that you can use to configure auditing on SQL statements, system privileges, schema objects, roles, administrative and non-administrative users, application context values, and policy creations for various applications and events.
unified audit trail	统一审计跟踪	An audit trail provides unified storage for audit records from all types of auditing.
unique key	唯一键	A single column with a unique key constraint.
unique key constraint	唯一键约束	An integrity constraint that requires that every value in a column or set of columns be unique.
universal rowid	universal rowid	A data type that can store all types of rowids. Oracle uses universal rowids to store the addresses of index-organized and non-Oracle tables.
unusable index	不可用索引	An index that is not maintained by DML operations and which the optimizer ignores. All indexes are usable (default) or unusable.
updatable join view	可更新连接视图	A view that is defined on two or more base tables or views and permits DML operations.
user event trigger	用户事件触发器	An event trigger that is fired because of events related to user logon and logoff, DDL statements, and DML statements.
user name	用户名	The name by which a user is known to Oracle Database and to other users. Every user name is associated with a password, and both must be entered to connect to Oracle Database.
user privilege	用户权限	The right to run specific SQL statements.
user process	用户进程	See client process.
user profile	用户档案	A named set of resource limits and password parameters that restrict database usage and database instance resources for a user.
view	视图	A custom-tailored presentation of the data in one or more tables. The views do not actually contain or store data, but derive it from the tables on which they are based.
virtual column	虚拟列	A column that is not stored on disk. The database derives the values in virtual columns on demand by computing a set of expressions or functions.
virtual full backup	虚拟完整备份	A complete database image as of one distinct point in time, maintained efficiently by a Recovery Appliance through the indexing of incremental backups from a protected database. The virtual full backups contain individual blocks from multiple incremental backups. For example, if you take a level 0 backup on Monday with SCN 10000, and if you take an incremental level 1 backup on Tuesday with SCN 11000, then the Recovery Appliance metadata database shows a virtual level 0 backup current to SCN 11000.
whole database backup	数据库整体备份	A backup of the control file and all data files that belong to a database.
work area	工作空间	A private allocation of PGA memory used for memory-intensive operations.
write-ahead protocol	预写协议	The protocol that mandates that before the database writer process can write a dirty buffer, the database must write to disk the redo records associated with changes to the buffer.
zone	区域	Within a zone map, a zone is a set of contiguous data blocks that stores the minimum and maximum values of relevant columns.
zone map	区域地图	Within an attribute-clustered table, a zone map is an independent access structure that divides data blocks into zones.