资料整理——Oracle基本概念、术语（Glossary from Oracle Concepts）——第四部分

这些概念都是很基础、很重要的概念。

概念	中文	描述
data type	数据类型	In SQL, a fixed set of properties associated with a column value or constant. Examples include VARCHAR2 and NUMBER. Oracle Database treats values of different data types differently.
data warehouse	数据仓库	A relational database designed for query and analysis rather than for OLTP.
database access control	数据库访问控制	Restricting data access and database activities. For example, the restriction of users from querying specified tables or executing specified database statements.
database application	数据库应用程序	A software program that interacts with a database to access and manipulate data.
database authentication	数据库身份认证	The process by which a user presents credentials to the database, which verifies the credentials and allows access to the database.
database block size	数据块大小	The data block size for a database set when it is created. The size is set for the SYSTEM and SYSAUX tablespaces and is the default for all other tablespaces. The database block size cannot be changed except by re-creating the database.
database buffer cache	数据库高速缓存	The portion of the system global area (SGA) that holds copies of data blocks. All client processes concurrently connected to the database instance share access to the buffer cache.
database character set	数据库字符集	A character encoding scheme that determines which languages can be represented in a database.
database consolidation	数据库整合	The general process of moving data from one or more non-CDBs into a multitenant container database (CDB).
database driver	数据库驱动程序	Software that sits between an application and an Oracle database. The driver translates the API calls made by the application into commands that the database can process. By using an ODBC driver, an application can access any data source, including data stored in spreadsheets. The ODBC driver performs all mappings between the ODBC standard and the database.
database instance	数据库实例	The combination of the system global area (SGA) and background processes. An instance is associated with one and only one database. In an Oracle Real Application Clusters configuration, multiple instances access a single database.
database link	数据库链接	A schema object in one database that enables users to access objects in a different database.
DBMS (database management system)	数据库管理系统	Software that controls the storage, organization, and retrieval of data.
database object	数据库对象	An object in the database that can be manipulated with SQL. Schema objects such as tables and indexes reside in schemas. Nonschema objects such as directories and roles do not reside in schemas.
database operation	数据库操作	In the context of database monitoring, a logical entity that includes a SQL statement, a PL/SQL block, or a composite of the two.
database point-in-time recovery	数据库时间点恢复	A type of media recovery that results in a noncurrent version of the database. In this case, you do not apply all of the redo generated after the restored backup.
database security	数据库安全	The aspect of database administration that involves user authentication, encryption, access control, and monitoring.
database server	数据库服务器	A server that reliably manages a large amount of data in a multiuser environment so that users can concurrently access the same data. A database server also prevents unauthorized access and provides efficient solutions for failure recovery.
Database Server Grid	数据库服务器网格	A collection of commodity servers connected together to run on one or more databases.
Database Storage Grid	数据库存储网格	A collection of low-cost modular storage arrays combined together and accessed by the computers in the Database Server Grid.
database service	数据库服务	A named representation of one or more database instances. The service name for an Oracle database is normally its global database name. Clients use the service name to connect to one or more database instances.
database user	数据库用户	An account through which you can log in to an Oracle database.
database writer (DBW)	数据库写入程序（DBW）	A background process that writes buffers in the database buffer cache to data files.
DDL (Data definition language)	数据定义语言	Includes statements such as CREATE TABLE or ALTER INDEX that define or change a data structure.
deadlock	死锁	A situation in which two or more users are waiting for data locked by each other. Such deadlocks are rare in Oracle Database.
declarative language	声明性语言	A nonprocedural language that describes what should be done, now how to do it. SQL and Prolog are examples of declarative languages. SQL is declarative in the sense that users specify the result that they want, not how to derive it.
dedicated server	专用服务器	A database configuration in which a server process handles requests for a single client process. See also shared server.
deferrable constraint	可延迟约束	A constraint that permits a SET CONSTRAINT statement to defer constraint checking until a COMMIT statement is issued. A deferrable constraint enables you to disable the constraint temporarily while making changes that might violate the constraint.
definer's rights PL/SQL procedure	定义者权限PL/SQL过程	A procedure that executes with the privileges of its owner, not its current user.
degree of parallelism	并行度	The number of parallel execution servers associated with a single operation. Parallel execution is designed to effectively use multiple CPUs. Oracle Database parallel execution framework enables you to either explicitly choose a specific degree of parallelism or to rely on Oracle Database to automatically control it.
dependent object	依赖对象	In a schema object dependency, the object whose definition references another object. For example, if the definition of object A references object B, then A is a dependent object on B.
descending index	降序索引	An index in which data is stored on a specified column or columns in descending order.
dimension	维度	A structure that categorizes data to enable users to answer business questions. Commonly used dimensions are customers, products, and time.
dimension table	维度表	A relational table that stores all or part of the values for a dimension in a star or snowflake schema. Dimension tables typically contain columns for the dimension keys, levels, and attributes.
directory object	目录对象	A database object that specifies an alias for a directory on the server file system where external binary file LOBs (BFILEs) and external table data are located. All directory objects are created in a single namespace and are not owned by an individual schema.
direct path INSERT	直接路径插入	An INSERT in which the database writes data directly to the data files, bypassing the database buffer cache. The database appends the inserted data to the existing data in the table.
direct path read	直接路径读	A single or multiblock read into the PGA, bypassing the SGA.
dirty read	脏读（Oracle数据库不允许脏读）	The situation that occurs when a transaction reads uncommitted data written by another transaction. Oracle Database never permits dirty reads.
dispatcher	调度程序（dispatcher）	See dispatcher process (Dnnn).
dispatcher process (Dnnn)	调度程序进程(Dnnn)	Optional background process present only when a shared server configuration is used. Each dispatcher process is responsible for routing requests from connected client processes to available shared server processes and returning the responses.