英语中常用的数学词汇

Here’s a comprehensive list of common mathematical vocabulary in English, starting with arithmetic symbols and number types, and expanding to cover a wider range of terms:

Arithmetic Symbols

• + Plus: Addition symbol.
• - Minus: Subtraction symbol.
• × or * Times: Multiplication symbol.
• ÷ or / Divided by: Division symbol.
• = Equals: Equality symbol.
• ≠ Not equal to: Inequality symbol.
• > Greater than.
• < Less than.
• ≥ Greater than or equal to.
• ≤ Less than or equal to.
• ^ Power: Exponentiation symbol (as in (x^2) for (x) squared).

Number Types

• Natural numbers: Counting numbers starting from 1.
• Whole numbers: All natural numbers including 0.
• Integers: Whole numbers and their negatives.
• Rational numbers: Numbers that can be expressed as a fraction of two integers.
• Irrational numbers: Numbers that cannot be expressed as a simple fraction.
• Real numbers: All rational and irrational numbers.
• Complex numbers: Numbers that include the square root of -1, denoted as (i).

Algebra

• Variable: A symbol used to represent an unknown quantity.
• Coefficient: A number used to multiply a variable.
• Polynomial: An expression consisting of variables and coefficients.
• Quadratic equation: An equation of the form (ax^2 + bx + c = 0).
• Linear equation: An equation that makes a straight line when graphed.

Geometry

• Point: An exact location in space.
• Line: A collection of points extending infinitely in two directions.
• Plane: A flat surface extending infinitely in all directions.
• Angle: Formed by two rays with a common endpoint.
• Circle: A set of points equidistant from a center point.
• Triangle: A polygon with three sides.
• Rectangle: A quadrilateral with four right angles.
• Square: A rectangle with all sides equal.
• Polygon: A closed figure formed by a finite number of line segments.

Statistics and Probability

• Mean: The average of a set of numbers.
• Median: The middle value in a set of numbers.
• Mode: The most frequently occurring number(s) in a set.
• Range: The difference between the highest and lowest values.
• Probability: The measure of the likelihood that an event will occur.
• Random variable: A variable whose values depend on outcomes of a random phenomenon.
• Standard deviation: A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values.

Calculus

• Derivative: The rate at which a function is changing at any given point.
• Integral: A measure of the area under the curve of a function.
• Limit: The value that a function or sequence “approaches” as the input or index approaches some value.

Logic and Set Theory

• Proposition: A statement that is either true or false.
• Union: The set of elements that are in either of two sets.
• Intersection: The set of elements that are in both sets.
• Subset: A set whose elements are all contained in another set.
• Universal set: The set of all possible elements under consideration.

This list covers a broad range of mathematical vocabulary, from basic arithmetic to more advanced topics in algebra, geometry, calculus, and beyond.