Batch Normalization和Dropout

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已于 2022-09-16 18:23:11 修改

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分类专栏： CS231n代码文章标签： python 深度学习机器学习

于 2022-09-16 14:29:32 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/iwill323/article/details/126885192

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Batch Normalization 和初始化

Batch Normalization 和 Batch Size

Layer Normalization

Layer Normalization 和 Batch Size

卷积层的batch norm--spatial batchnorm

Spatial Group Normalization

dropout

Regularization Experiment

The authors of [1] hypothesize that the shifting distribution of features inside deep neural networks may make training deep networks more difficult. To overcome this problem, they propose to insert into the network layers that normalize batches. At training time, such a layer uses a minibatch of data to estimate the mean and standard deviation of each feature. These estimated means and standard deviations are then used to center and normalize the features of the minibatch. A running average of these means and standard deviations is kept during training, and at test time these running averages are used to center and normalize features.

It is possible that this normalization strategy could reduce the representational power of the network, since it may sometimes be optimal for certain layers to have features that are not zero-mean or unit variance. To this end, the batch normalization layer includes learnable shift and scale parameters for each feature dimension.

Sergey Ioffe and Christian Szegedy, "Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift", ICML 2015.

导包和处理数据

# Setup cell.
import time
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from cs231n.data_utils import get_CIFAR10_data
from cs231n.gradient_check import eval_numerical_gradient, eval_numerical_gradient_array

%matplotlib inline
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (10.0, 8.0)  # Set default size of plots.
plt.rcParams["image.interpolation"] = "nearest"
plt.rcParams["image.cmap"] = "gray"

%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2

def rel_error(x, y):
    """Returns relative error."""
    return np.max(np.abs(x - y) / (np.maximum(1e-8, np.abs(x) + np.abs(y))))

def print_mean_std(x,axis=0):
    print(f"  means: {x.mean(axis=axis)}")
    print(f"  stds:  {x.std(axis=axis)}\n")
    
# Load the (preprocessed) CIFAR-10 data.
data = get_CIFAR10_data()
for k, v in list(data.items()):
    print(f"{k}: {v.shape}")

BatchNorm

forward

The outputs from the last layer of the network should not be normalized.

def batchnorm_forward(x, gamma, beta, bn_param):
    """
    During training the sample mean and (uncorrected) sample variance are
    computed from minibatch statistics and used to normalize the incoming data.
    During training we also keep an exponentially decaying running mean of the
    mean and variance of each feature, and these averages are used to normalize
    data at test-time.

    At each timestep we update the running averages for mean and variance using
    an exponential decay based on the momentum parameter:

    running_mean = momentum * running_mean + (1 - momentum) * sample_mean
    running_var = momentum * running_var + (1 - momentum) * sample_var

    Note that the batch normalization paper suggests a different test-time
    behavior: they compute sample mean and variance for each feature using a
    large number of training images rather than using a running average. For
    this implementation we have chosen to use running averages instead since
    they do not require an additional estimation step; the torch7
    implementation of batch normalization also uses running averages.

    Input:
    - x: Data of shape (N, D)
    - gamma: Scale parameter of shape (D,)
    - beta: Shift paremeter of shape (D,)
    - bn_param: Dictionary with the following keys:
      - mode: 'train' or 'test'; required
      - eps: Constant for numeric stability
      - momentum: Constant for running mean / variance.
      - running_mean: Array of shape (D,) giving running mean of features
      - running_var Array of shape (D,) giving running variance of features

    Returns a tuple of:
    - out: of shape (N, D)
    - cache: A tuple of values needed in the backward pass
    """
    mode = bn_param["mode"]
    eps = bn_param.get("eps", 1e-5)
    momentum = bn_param.get("momentum", 0.9)

    N, D = x.shape
    running_mean = bn_param.get("running_mean", np.zeros(D, dtype=x.dtype))
    running_var = bn_param.get("running_var", np.zeros(D, dtype=x.dtype))

    out, cache = None, None
    if mode == "train":
        x_mean = np.mean(x, axis = 0)
        x_var = np.var(x, axis = 0) + eps
        x_norm = (x - x_mean) / np.sqrt(x_var)
        out = x_norm * gamma  + beta  #  (N, D)
        cache = (x, x_norm, gamma, x_mean, x_var)
        
        # Store the updated running means back into bn_param
        bn_param["running_mean"] = momentum * running_mean + (1 - momentum) * x_mean
        bn_param["running_var"] = momentum * running_var + (1 - momentum) * x_var        

    elif mode == "test":
        x_norm = (x - running_mean) / np.sqrt(running_var + eps) 
        out = gamma * x_norm + beta
    else:
        raise ValueError('Invalid forward batchnorm mode "%s"' % mode)

    return out, cache