Practical Derivatives
1. Power Function
Given : f(x)=xa(a∈Q)
Proofs : f′(x)=a⋅xa−1
Deduction
f′(x)=limΔx→0f(x+Δx)−f(x)Δx=limΔx→0(x+Δx)a−xaΔx=limΔx→0(Caaxa+C1axa−1Δx+⋯Δxa)−xaΔx=limΔx→0(Caaxa−xa)+(C1axa−1Δx+⋯Δxa)Δx=limΔx→00+(C1axa−1Δx+⋯Δxa)Δx=limΔx→0C1axa−1+⋯Δxa−1=C1axa−1=axa−1
2. Sinus Function
Given : f(x)=sin(x)
Proofs : f′(x)=cos(x)
Deduction
f′(x)=limΔx→0f(x+Δx)−f(x)Δx=limΔx→0sin(x+Δx)−sinxΔx=limΔx→0(sinxcosΔx+cosxsinΔx)−sinxΔx=limΔx→0(sinxcosΔx−sinx)+cosxsinΔxΔx=limΔx→0sinx(cosΔx−1)+cosxsinΔxΔx=limΔx→0sinx[(1−2sin2Δx2)−1]+cosx(2sinΔx2cosΔx2)Δx=limΔx→0−2sinxsin2Δx2+2sinΔx2(cosxcosΔx2)Δx=limΔx→02sinΔx2(cosxcosΔx2−sinxsin2Δx2)Δx=limΔx→02sinΔx2cos(x+Δx2)Δx=limΔx→0sinΔx2cos(x+Δx2)Δx2∵limΔx→0sinΔx2=Δx2∴sinΔx2Δx2=1∵limΔx→0cos(x+Δx2)=cos(x+0)=cosx∴f′(sinx)=cosx
3. Cosinus Function
Given : f(x)=cos(x)
Proofs : f′(x)=−sin(x)
Deduction
f′(x)=limΔx→0f(x+Δx)−f(x)Δx=limΔx→0cos(x+Δx)−cosxΔx=limΔx→0(cosxcosΔx−sinxsinΔx)−cosxΔx=limΔx→0(cosxcosΔx−cosx)−sinxsinΔxΔx=limΔx→0cosx(cosΔx−1)−sinxsinΔxΔx=limΔx→0cosx[(1−2sin2Δx2)−1]−sinx(2sinΔx2cosΔx2)Δx=limΔx→02sin2Δx2cosx−2sinΔx2(sinxcosΔx2)Δx=limΔx→02sinΔx2(sinΔx2cosx−cosΔx2sinx)Δx=limΔx→02sinΔx2sin(Δx2−x)Δx=limΔx→0⎡⎣sin(Δx2−x)sinΔx2Δx2⎤⎦∵limΔx→0sinΔx2=Δx2∴sinΔx2Δx2=1∵limΔx→0sin(Δx2−x)=sin(0−x)=sin(−x)=−sinx∴f′(cosx)=−sinx
4. Exponential Function
Given : f(x)=ax(a>0&a≠1)
Proofs : f′(x)=axlna
Deduction
f′(x)introduceequation=limΔx→0f(x+Δx)−f(x)Δx=limΔx→0ax+Δx−axΔx=limΔx→0ax(aΔx−1)Δxt=aΔx−1,thenaΔx=t+1,Δx=loga(t+1)=limt→0axtloga(t+1)=limt→0ax1tloga(t+1)=limt→0axloga(t+1)1t∵limt→0(t+1)1t=e∴limt→0axloga(t+1)1t=axlogae=ax⋅lnalne=axlna∴f′(ax)=−axlna
5. Logarithmic function
Given : f(x)=logax(x>0&a≠1)
Proofs : f′(x)=1xlna
Deduction
f′(x)introduceequation=limΔx→0f(x+Δx)−f(x)Δx=limΔx→0loga(x+Δx)−logaxΔx=limΔx→0loga(x+Δxx)Δx=limΔx→01xxΔxloga(x+Δxx)=limΔx→01xloga(1+Δxx)xΔxt=Δxx=limΔx→01xloga(1+t)1t∵limt→0(t+1)1t=e∴limΔx→01xloga(1+t)1t=1xlnelna=1xlna∴f′(logax)=1xlna