在实现H264实时RTP打包和发送之前,我们需要先熟悉H264的编码原理及语法结构,然后是熟悉RTP协议以及RTP协议传输H264数据的相关准则。下面是与此相关的几篇博客。
Linux 下实现RTP实时打包发送H.264码流
下面是rtp.c的代码
/*=============================================================================
* FileName: rtp.c
* Desc: rtp payload h.264 data
* Author: licaibiao
* LastChange: 2017-04-07
* =============================================================================*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <memory.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include "rtp.h"
//#define DEBUG_LOG
typedef struct
{
int startcodeprefix_len; //! 4 for parameter sets and first slice in picture, 3 for everything else (suggested)
unsigned len; //! Length of the NAL unit (Excluding the start code, which does not belong to the NALU)
unsigned max_size; //! Nal Unit Buffer size
int forbidden_bit; //! should be always FALSE
int nal_reference_idc; //! NALU_PRIORITY_xxxx
int nal_unit_type; //! NALU_TYPE_xxxx
char *buf; //! contains the first byte followed by the EBSP
unsigned short lost_packets; //! true, if packet loss is detected
} NALU_t;
FILE *bits = NULL; //!< the bit stream file
static int FindStartCode2 (unsigned char *Buf);//查找开始字符0x000001
static int FindStartCode3 (unsigned char *Buf);//查找开始字符0x00000001
static int info2=0;
static int info3=0;
RTP_FIXED_HEADER *rtp_hdr;
NALU_HEADER *nalu_hdr;
FU_INDICATOR *fu_ind;
FU_HEADER *fu_hdr;
NALU_t *AllocNALU(int buffersize)
{
NALU_t *n;
if ((n = (NALU_t*)calloc (1, sizeof (NALU_t))) == NULL)
{
printf("AllocNALU: n");
exit(0);
}
n->max_size = buffersize;
if((n->buf = (char*)calloc (buffersize, sizeof (char))) == NULL)
{
free (n);
printf ("AllocNALU: n->buf");
exit(0);
}
return n;
}
void FreeNALU(NALU_t *n)
{
if (n)
{
if (n->buf)
{
free(n->buf);
n->buf=NULL;
}
free (n);
}
}
void OpenBitstreamFile (char *fn)
{
if (NULL == (bits = fopen(fn, "rb")))
{
printf("open file error\n");
exit(0);
}
}
//这个函数输入为一个NAL结构体,主要功能为得到一个完整的NALU并保存在NALU_t的buf中,获取他的长度,填充F,IDC,TYPE位。
//并且返回两个开始字符之间间隔的字节数,即包含有前缀的NALU的长度
//前缀之后的第一个字节为 NALU_HEADER
int GetAnnexbNALU (NALU_t *nalu)
{
int pos = 0;
int rewind;
int StartCodeFound;
unsigned char *Buf;
if ((Buf = (unsigned char*)calloc (nalu->max_size , sizeof(char))) == NULL)
printf ("GetAnnexbNALU: Could not allocate Buf memory\n");
printf("nalu->max_size=%d\n",(int)nalu->max_size);
memset(Buf,0,nalu->max_size);
nalu->startcodeprefix_len = 3;//初始化码流序列的开始字符为3个字节
if (3 != fread (Buf, 1, 3, bits))//从码流中读3个字节
{
free(Buf);
return 0;
}
info2 = FindStartCode2 (Buf);//判断是否为0x000001
if(info2 != 1)
{
//如果不是,再读一个字节
if(1 != fread(Buf+3, 1, 1, bits))//读一个字节
{
free(Buf);
return 0;
}
info3 = FindStartCode3 (Buf);//判断是否为0x00000001
if (info3 != 1)//如果不是,返回-1
{
free(Buf);
return -1;
}
else
{
//如果是0x00000001,得到开始前缀为4个字节
pos = 4;
nalu->startcodeprefix_len = 4;
}
}
else
{
//如果是0x000001,得到开始前缀为3个字节
nalu->startcodeprefix_len = 3;
pos = 3;
}
//查找下一个开始字符的标志位
StartCodeFound = 0;
info2 = 0;
info3 = 0;
while (!StartCodeFound)
{
if (feof (bits))//判断是否到了文件尾
{
nalu->len = (pos-1) - nalu->startcodeprefix_len;
printf("nalu->len1=%d\n",nalu->len );
memcpy (nalu->buf, &Buf[nalu->startcodeprefix_len], nalu->len); //拷贝一个完整NALU,不拷贝起始前缀0x000001或0x00000001
nalu->forbidden_bit = nalu->buf[0] & 0x80; // 1 bit
nalu->nal_reference_idc = nalu->buf[0] & 0x60; // 2 bit
nalu->nal_unit_type = nalu->buf[0] & 0x1f; // 5 bit
free(Buf);
return pos - 1;
}
Buf[pos++] = fgetc (bits);//读一个字节到BUF中
info3 = FindStartCode3(&Buf[pos-4]);//判断是否为0x00000001
if(info3 != 1)
{
info2 = FindStartCode2(&Buf[pos-3]);//判断是否为0x000001
}
StartCodeFound = (info2 == 1 || info3 == 1);
}
// Here, we have found another start code (and read length of startcode bytes more than we should
// have. Hence, go back in the file
rewind = (info3 == 1) ? -4 : -3;
if (0 != fseek (bits, rewind, SEEK_CUR))//把文件指针指向前一个NALU的末尾
{
free(Buf);
printf("GetAnnexbNALU: Cannot fseek in the bit stream file");
}
// Here the Start code, the complete NALU, and the next start code is in the Buf.
// The size of Buf is pos, pos+rewind are the number of bytes excluding the next
// start code, and (pos+rewind)-startcodeprefix_len is the size of the NALU excluding the start code
nalu->len = (pos+rewind) - nalu->startcodeprefix_len;
printf("nalu->len2=%d\n",nalu->len );
memcpy (nalu->buf, &Buf[nalu->startcodeprefix_len], nalu->len);//拷贝一个完整NALU,不拷贝起始前缀0x000001或0x00000001
nalu->forbidden_bit = nalu->buf[0] & 0x80; // 1 bit
nalu->nal_reference_idc = nalu->buf[0] & 0x60; // 2 bit
nalu->nal_unit_type = nalu->buf[0] & 0x1f; // 5 bit
free(Buf);
return (pos+rewind);//返回两个开始字符之间间隔的字节数,即包含有前缀的NALU的长度
}
//输出NALU长度和TYPE
void dump(NALU_t *n)
{
if (!n)return;
//printf("a new nal:");
printf(" len: %d ", n->len);
printf("nal_unit_type: %x\n", n->nal_unit_type);
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
//FILE *stream;
//stream=fopen("Test.264", "wb");
NALU_t *n;
SOCKET socket1;
char *nalu_payload;
char sendbuf[1500];
int len ;
int bytes = 0;
float framerate = 25;
unsigned short seq_num = 0;
unsigned int timestamp_increase = 0;
unsigned int ts_current = 0;
struct sockaddr_in server;
len = sizeof(server);
OpenBitstreamFile("./h264/test.h264");
timestamp_increase = (unsigned int)(90000.0 / framerate); //+0.5);
server.sin_family = AF_INET;
server.sin_port = htons(DEST_PORT);
server.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(DEST_IP);
socket1 = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
n = AllocNALU(8000000);//为结构体nalu_t及其成员buf分配空间。返回值为指向nalu_t存储空间的指针
while(!feof(bits))
{
GetAnnexbNALU(n);//每执行一次,文件的指针指向本次找到的NALU的末尾,下一个位置即为下个NALU的起始码0x000001
dump(n);//输出NALU长度和TYPE
//(1)一个NALU就是一个RTP包的情况: RTP_FIXED_HEADER(12字节) + NALU_HEADER(1字节) + EBPS
//(2)一个NALU分成多个RTP包的情况: RTP_FIXED_HEADER (12字节) + FU_INDICATOR (1字节)+ FU_HEADER(1字节) + EBPS(1400字节)
memset(sendbuf, 0, 1500);//清空sendbuf;此时会将上次的时间戳清空,因此需要ts_current来保存上次的时间戳值
//rtp固定包头,为12字节,该句将sendbuf[0]的地址赋给rtp_hdr,以后对rtp_hdr的写入操作将直接写入sendbuf。
rtp_hdr =(RTP_FIXED_HEADER*)&sendbuf[0];
//设置RTP HEADER,
rtp_hdr->csrc_len = 0;
//rtp_hdr->extension=0;
//rtp_hdr->padding=0;
rtp_hdr->payload = H264; //负载类型号,
rtp_hdr->version = 2; //版本号,此版本固定为2
rtp_hdr->marker = 0; //标志位,由具体协议规定其值。
rtp_hdr->ssrc = htonl(10); //随机指定为10,并且在本RTP会话中全局唯一 bytes 8-11
// 当一个NALU小于1400字节的时候,采用一个单RTP包发送
if(n->len<=1400)
{
//设置rtp M 位;
rtp_hdr->marker = 1;
rtp_hdr->seq_no = htons(seq_num ++); //序列号,每发送一个RTP包增1 bytes 2, 3
//设置NALU HEADER,并将这个HEADER填入sendbuf[12]
nalu_hdr = (NALU_HEADER*)&sendbuf[12]; //将sendbuf[12]的地址赋给nalu_hdr,之后对nalu_hdr的写入就将写入sendbuf中;
nalu_hdr->F = n->forbidden_bit >> 7;
nalu_hdr->NRI = n->nal_reference_idc >> 5;//有效数据在n->nal_reference_idc的第6,7位,需要右移5位才能将其值赋给nalu_hdr->NRI。
nalu_hdr->TYPE = n->nal_unit_type;
nalu_payload = &sendbuf[13];//同理将sendbuf[13]赋给nalu_payload
memcpy(nalu_payload, n->buf + 1, n->len - 1);//去掉nalu头的nalu剩余内容写入sendbuf[13]开始的字符串。
ts_current = ts_current + timestamp_increase;
printf("ts_current=%d\n",ts_current);
rtp_hdr->timestamp = htonl(ts_current);
printf("ts_current1=%x\n",rtp_hdr->timestamp);
bytes = n->len + 12+1; //获得sendbuf的长度,为nalu的长度(包含NALU头但除去起始前缀)加上rtp_header的固定长度12字节
#ifdef DEBUG_LOG
{
int ii = 0;
printf("-----------------------------------\n");
for(ii=0; ii<22; ii++)
{
printf("buf%d=%x ", ii, (unsigned char)sendbuf[ii]);
}
printf("\n");
printf("------------------------------------\n");
}
#endif
sendto(socket1, sendbuf, bytes, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&server, sizeof(server));
usleep(40000);
//fwrite(sendbuf,bytes, 1, stream);
}
else if(n->len>1400)
{
//得到该nalu需要用多少长度为1400字节的RTP包来发送
int k = 0;
int l = 0;
int t = 0; //用于指示当前发送的是第几个分片RTP包
k = n->len / 1400; //需要k个1400字节的RTP包
l = n->len % 1400; //最后一个RTP包的需要装载的字节数
ts_current = ts_current+timestamp_increase;
printf("ts_current=%d\n",ts_current);
rtp_hdr->timestamp = htonl(ts_current);
while(t <= k)
{
rtp_hdr->seq_no = htons(seq_num++); //序列号,每发送一个RTP包增1
if(!t) //发送一个需要分片的NALU的第一个分片,置FU HEADER的S位
{
//设置rtp M 位;
rtp_hdr->marker = 0;
//设置FU INDICATOR,并将这个HEADER填入sendbuf[12]
fu_ind = (FU_INDICATOR*)&sendbuf[12]; //将sendbuf[12]的地址赋给fu_ind,之后对fu_ind的写入就将写入sendbuf中;
fu_ind->F = n->forbidden_bit >> 7;
fu_ind->NRI = n->nal_reference_idc >> 5;
fu_ind->TYPE = 28;
//设置FU HEADER,并将这个HEADER填入sendbuf[13]
fu_hdr = (FU_HEADER*)&sendbuf[13];
fu_hdr->E = 0;
fu_hdr->R = 0;
fu_hdr->S = 1;
fu_hdr->TYPE = n->nal_unit_type;
nalu_payload = &sendbuf[14]; //同理将sendbuf[14]赋给nalu_payload
memcpy(nalu_payload, n->buf + 1, 1400);//去掉NALU头
bytes = 1400 + 12 + 2; //获得sendbuf的长度,为nalu的长度(除去起始前缀和NALU头)加上rtp_header,fu_ind,fu_hdr的固定长度14字节
#ifdef DEBUG_LOG
{
int ii=0;
printf("-----------------------------------\n");
for(ii=0;ii<22;ii++)
{
printf("buf%d=%x ",ii,(unsigned char)sendbuf[ii]);
}
printf("\n");
printf("------------------------------------\n");
}
#endif
sendto(socket1, sendbuf, bytes, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&server, sizeof(server));
//fwrite(sendbuf,bytes, 1, stream);
//usleep(20000);
t++;
}
//发送一个需要分片的NALU的非第一个分片,清零FU HEADER的S位,如果该分片是该NALU的最后一个分片,置FU HEADER的E位
else if(k == t)//发送的是最后一个分片,注意最后一个分片的长度可能超过1400字节(当l>1386时)。
{
//设置rtp M 位;当前传输的是最后一个分片时该位置1
rtp_hdr->marker = 1;
//设置FU INDICATOR,并将这个HEADER填入sendbuf[12]
fu_ind = (FU_INDICATOR*)&sendbuf[12]; //将sendbuf[12]的地址赋给fu_ind,之后对fu_ind的写入就将写入sendbuf中;
fu_ind->F = n->forbidden_bit >> 7;
fu_ind->NRI = n->nal_reference_idc >> 5;
fu_ind->TYPE = 28;
//设置FU HEADER,并将这个HEADER填入sendbuf[13]
fu_hdr = (FU_HEADER*)&sendbuf[13];
fu_hdr->R = 0;
fu_hdr->S = 0;
fu_hdr->TYPE = n->nal_unit_type;
fu_hdr->E = 1;
nalu_payload = &sendbuf[14];//同理将sendbuf[14]的地址赋给nalu_payload
if((n != NULL) && (n->buf != NULL) && (l > 1))
{
memcpy(nalu_payload, n->buf + t * 1400 + 1, l - 1);//将nalu最后剩余的l-1(去掉了一个字节的NALU头)字节内容写入sendbuf[14]开始的字符串。
bytes = l - 1 + 12 + 2; //获得sendbuf的长度,为剩余nalu的长度l-1加上rtp_header,FU_INDICATOR,FU_HEADER三个包头共14字节
#ifdef DEBUG_LOG
{
int ii=0;
printf("-----------------------------------\n");
for(ii=0;ii<22;ii++)
{
printf("buf%d=%x ",ii,(unsigned char)sendbuf[ii]);
}
printf("\n");
printf("------------------------------------\n");
}
#endif
sendto(socket1, sendbuf, bytes, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&server, sizeof(server));
}
else
{
printf("n->buf == NULL !\n");
}
//fwrite(sendbuf,bytes, 1, stream);
//usleep(20000);
t++;
}
else if(t < k && 0 != t)
{
//设置rtp M 位;
rtp_hdr->marker = 0;
//设置FU INDICATOR,并将这个HEADER填入sendbuf[12]
fu_ind = (FU_INDICATOR*)&sendbuf[12]; //将sendbuf[12]的地址赋给fu_ind,之后对fu_ind的写入就将写入sendbuf中;
fu_ind->F = n->forbidden_bit>>7;
fu_ind->NRI = n->nal_reference_idc>>5;
fu_ind->TYPE = 28;
//设置FU HEADER,并将这个HEADER填入sendbuf[13]
fu_hdr = (FU_HEADER*)&sendbuf[13];
//fu_hdr->E=0;
fu_hdr->R = 0;
fu_hdr->S = 0;
fu_hdr->E = 0;
fu_hdr->TYPE = n->nal_unit_type;
nalu_payload = &sendbuf[14]; //同理将sendbuf[14]的地址赋给nalu_payload
memcpy(nalu_payload, n->buf + t * 1400 + 1, 1400);//去掉起始前缀的nalu剩余内容写入sendbuf[14]开始的字符串。
bytes = 1400 + 12 + 2; //获得sendbuf的长度,为nalu的长度(除去原NALU头)加上rtp_header,fu_ind,fu_hdr的固定长度14字节
#ifdef DEBUG_LOG
{
int ii = 0;
printf("-----------------------------------\n");
for(ii=0;ii<22;ii++)
{
printf("buf%d=%x ",ii,(unsigned char)sendbuf[ii]);
}
printf("\n");
printf("------------------------------------\n");
}
#endif
sendto(socket1, sendbuf, bytes, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&server, sizeof(server));
//fwrite(sendbuf, bytes, 1, stream);
//usleep(20000);
t++;
}
}
usleep(40000);
}
}
FreeNALU(n);
fclose(bits);
bits = NULL;
//fclose(stream);
return 0;
}
static int FindStartCode2 (unsigned char *Buf)
{
if(Buf[0]!=0 || Buf[1]!=0 || Buf[2] !=1) return 0; //判断是否为0x000001,如果是返回1
else return 1;
}
static int FindStartCode3 (unsigned char *Buf)
{
if(Buf[0]!=0 || Buf[1]!=0 || Buf[2] !=0 || Buf[3] !=1) return 0;//判断是否为0x00000001,如果是返回1
else return 1;
}
上面的代码是实现h.264数据的实时打包和发送,接收和显示端,我们可以使用VLC或是Mplayer播放器来实现。完整的工程目录为:
rtp_h264
├── h264
│ └── test.h264
├── Makefile
├── rtp.c
├── rtp.h
└── sdp
├── mplayer.sdp
└── vlc.sdp
编译工程,在运行工程之前,先将sdp 文件拖到播放器中,然后运行程序就可以直接看到视频画面。
这里需要注意几点
(1)使用VLC播放器会出现有点卡顿,且播放时间显示异常,但是用MPlayer播放器不会存在这些问题
(2)程序中的usleep() 延时是必须的,如果发送太快,播放器会处理不过来
(3)H.264 的SPS和PPS数据是h.264文件的开始两帧,需要客户端先运行才能获取到。
完整的工程(包括sdp文件)可以在这里下载:Linux 下RTP实时打包发送H.264码流
原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/li_wen01/article/details/69499466