Unresolved Symbol (转)

How to avoid the unresolved symbols error If you keep getting an unresolved symbols error when using ALSA modules, the solution is very simple: Clean the kernel's source tree. Change directory to the kernel source tree. If you want to keep the same config, I advise : cp .config /tmp (not inside the current directory, it will get erased) make mrproper cp /tmp/.config . make oldconfig make dep make bzImage make modules make modules_install - Copy your new kernel image file bzImage to your boot device location as you'd normally do. Then, recompile ALSA. I know that this is not directly ALSA related, but it could take place in the FAQ, as it definitely prevents ALSA from working. Try this: In the alsa-driver directory, rm config.cache ./configure [your options] make clean make and then, as root, do: make install rmmod -a /_ these make sure no old modules are hanging around in memory rmmod -a / Maybe some partially-compiled files are left over from a previous attempt. Remove all of the ALSA kernel modules before you do "make install". Do a "find /lib/modules/`uname -r` -name 'snd*.o'" to make sure they're all gone. On Thu, 8 Mar 2001, Narayana, Venkat A. wrote: > Hi, > I am learning to write kernel modules, and while experimenting > with a simple module, i got > " hello.o: unresolved symbol printk_Rsmp_1b7d4074" error > while loading this module via insmod hello.o command. > > I noticed that /proc/ksyms contains printk symbol. > > What is that i am doing which is not correct? > Help me out. As other people have pointed out this has to do with versioning. The simple answer to the question is that you need to include modversions.h before the header file for printk if you want the module to load into a kernel with CONFIG_MODVERSIONS turned on. You could do this in two ways: in each of your c files, at the top (before you #include linux/kernel.h), you could have: #ifdef CONFIG_MODVERSIONS #include <linux/modversions.h> #endif or in your makefile, you could have ifdef CONFIG_MODVERSIONS CPPFLAGS += -include /usr/src/linux/modversions.h endif Now, I'll try and explain how it all works. (Jay, a section on this is definitely needed in the module programming guide ;). Okay, this can be a bit difficult to explain, but I'll give it a go. I've probably got some of it wrong. Someone will correct me. (all this assumes CONFIG_MODVERSIONS is turned on) the kernel is compiled with -include /usr/src/linux/modversions.h. What this effectively means is that modversions.h is included at the top of every c file in the kernel. so what does this do? Well, if you have a look at modversions.h, it includes loads of .ver files. Each of these files have loads of lines like (in ksyms.ver) #define __ver_printk 1b7d4074 #define printk _set_ver(printk) this winds up having a #define along the line of #define printk printk_R1b7d4074 so what does this do? Well, now everywhere printk is mentioned it gets replaced by printk_R1b7d4074 by the preprocessor. So when the kernel is compiled there is no such function as printk, there is only one called printk_R1b7d4074. so if you want to write a module that uses the 'printk' function(sorry, I mean the printk_R1b7d4074 function) you're going to have to include modversions.h before printk is defined. Another question you might ask is how the .ver files get generated? well the basic command is along the lines of gcc -E -D__GENKSYMS__ <the-c-file> | genksys -k <your-kernel-version> > <your-ve r-file> the gcc command puts the c file through the preprocessor with __GENKSYMS__ defined the output of this is passed through to genkyms which generates output like #define __ver_printk 1b7d4074 #define printk _set_ver(printk) where the 1b7d4074 depends on the kernel version you supply. Hi, I have gone through an alsa compilation which went well, but the loading of the module came back with the following error : /lib/modules/2.2.17/misc/snd.o: unresolved symbol unregister_sound_dsp /lib/modules/2.2.17/misc/snd.o: unresolved symbol register_sound_dsp /lib/modules/2.2.17/misc/snd.o: unresolved symbol unregister_sound_special /lib/modules/2.2.17/misc/snd.o: unresolved symbol register_sound_special /lib/modules/2.2.17/misc/snd.o: insmod /lib/modules/2.2.17/misc/snd.o failed /lib/modules/2.2.17/misc/snd.o: insmod snd-cs4236 failed I then went to the FAQ which said that it was because my kernel was incorrectly configured andalso because I had missed out the soundcore code (CONFIG_SOUND=y). I was surprised because I had just recompiled that kernel, ensuring that I had added the right options. Apparently -- I noticed this on some kernel mailing lists -- the usage of the kernel modversions facility (CONFIG_MODVERSIONS) is not always correctly taken into account by the fastdep kernel makefiles reconfiguration system. The result is weird symbol names for some symbols.