a bolt out of the blue 晴天霹雳

Bolt 是闪电,blue 在这儿是指蓝色的天空。 Like a bolt out of the blue 的意思就是晴天霹雳,也就是出乎意外、没料想到。有时,你花几个小时也解不开一道数学题。可是,当你不再去想它的时候,你脑子里突然出现了答案。人们还经常用 like a bolt out of the blue 来形容车祸。来看下面这个例子:

A driver may testify that he was going the normal speed limit when a truck appeared in front of him out of the blue and he did not have time to stop. 一个开车的人可能会在作证时说,正当他以正常的速度行驶的时候,一辆卡车突然出现在他面前,他来不及刹车。

我们再看看下面这个学生讲的话:

The announcement that the president of our university was quitting to go to another school hit us like a bolt out of the blue. He's always said he liked it here so much he would stay until he retired. 我们大学校长宣布他决定辞职到另外一个学校去工作。我们都感到很突然,因为他老是说他很喜欢这个学校,要一直在这儿工作到退休。

To find the tensile capacity P1 for the single-shear lap connection, we need to calculate the strength of the bolts and the strength of the plate. Strength of Bolts: The ultimate strength of the bolts is determined by the minimum of the following: 1. Bolt shear strength 2. Bolt bearing strength 3. Bolt tensile strength Bolt Shear Strength: The bolt shear strength is given by: Vn = 0.6*Fy*Ab where Vn is the nominal shear strength of the bolt, Fy is the yield strength of the bolt material, and Ab is the cross-sectional area of the bolt. Substituting the given values, we get: Vn = 0.6*90*0.44 = 23.76 kips Bolt Bearing Strength: The bolt bearing strength is given by: Rn = 2.4*dt*t*Fyb where Rn is the nominal bearing strength of the bolt, dt is the thickness of the connected material, t is the thickness of the bolt head or nut, and Fyb is the yield strength of the bolt material. Substituting the given values, we get: Rn = 2.4*0.75*0.75*90 = 121.5 kips Bolt Tensile Strength: The bolt tensile strength is given by: Tn = 0.75*Fub*Ab where Tn is the nominal tensile strength of the bolt, Fub is the ultimate strength of the bolt material, and Ab is the cross-sectional area of the bolt. Substituting the given values, we get: Tn = 0.75*120*0.44 = 29.7 kips The minimum of the above three values is the ultimate strength of the bolt, which is 23.76 kips. Strength of Plate: The ultimate strength of the plate is determined by the minimum of the following: 1. Plate tensile strength 2. Plate bearing strength 3. Plate yielding strength Plate Tensile Strength: The plate tensile strength is given by: Pu = Fu*Ap where Pu is the ultimate strength of the plate, Fu is the ultimate strength of the plate material, and Ap is the effective net area of the plate. The effective net area of the plate is given by: Ap = An - n*d*(dh + 0.5*t) where An is the gross area of the plate, n is the number of bolts, d is the bolt diameter, dh is the diameter of the hole, and t is the thickness of the connected material. Substituting the given values, we get: An = 12*1 = 12 in² n = 4 d = 0.75 in dh = 0.8125 in (assuming 1/16 in oversize hole) t = 1 in Ap = 12 - 4*0.75*(0.8125 + 0.5*1) = 5.25 in² Substituting the given values, we get: Pu = 58*5.25 = 304.5 kips Plate Bearing Strength: The plate bearing strength is given by: Rn = 2.4*dt*t*Fyb where Rn is the nominal bearing strength of the plate, dt is the thickness of the connected material, t is the thickness of the bolt head or nut, and Fyb is the yield strength of the bolt material. Substituting the given values, we get: Rn = 2.4*1*0.75*36 = 64.8 kips Plate Yielding Strength: The plate yielding strength is given by: Py = 0.9*Fy*Ag where Py is the yielding strength of the plate, Fy is the yield strength of the plate material, and Ag is the gross area of the plate. Substituting the given values, we get: Ag = 12*1 = 12 in² Py = 0.9*36*12 = 388.8 kips The minimum of the above three values is the ultimate strength of the plate, which is 64.8 kips. Now, we can find the tensile capacity P1 of the connection by taking the minimum of the ultimate strength of the bolts and the ultimate strength of the plate. P1 = min(23.76, 64.8) = 23.76 kips Therefore, the tensile capacity P1 for the single-shear lap connection is 23.76 kips.
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