https://www.zhihu.com/question/29096466
参考文章
Cauchy-Riemann方程的极坐标形式(翻译)
拉普拉斯方程极坐标形式是怎么推导出来的
极坐标形式
假设复函数
f
f
f在复平面上的一点
z
0
z_0
z0处可微。假定
z
0
≠
0
,
z
=
r
e
i
θ
z_0 \neq0,z=re^{i\theta}
z0=0,z=reiθ,将复函数
f
f
f的实部和虚部表示成
r
r
r和
θ
\theta
θ的二元函数:
f
(
r
e
i
θ
)
=
u
(
r
,
θ
)
+
i
v
(
r
,
θ
)
f(re^{i\theta})=u(r,\theta)+iv(r,\theta)
f(reiθ)=u(r,θ)+iv(r,θ)
复函数可微的Cauchy-Riemann条件
{
∂
u
∂
r
=
1
r
∂
v
∂
θ
∂
v
∂
r
=
−
1
r
∂
u
∂
θ
\left\{ \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial u}{\partial r}&=\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial v}{\partial \theta} \\ \frac{\partial v}{\partial r}&=-\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial u}{\partial \theta}\\ \end{aligned} \right.
⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧∂r∂u∂r∂v=r1∂θ∂v=−r1∂θ∂u
第一个式子对
r
r
r求偏导:
∂
2
u
∂
r
2
=
−
1
r
2
∂
v
∂
θ
+
1
r
∂
2
v
∂
r
∂
θ
\frac{\partial^2{u}}{\partial{r^2}}=-\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\partial{v}}{\partial{\theta}}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial ^2v}{\partial {r}\partial {\theta}}
∂r2∂2u=−r21∂θ∂v+r1∂r∂θ∂2v
第二个式子对
θ
\theta
θ求偏导:
1
r
2
∂
u
∂
2
θ
=
−
1
r
∂
2
v
∂
r
∂
θ
\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\partial u}{\partial^2 \theta}=-\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial ^2v}{\partial {r} \partial{\theta}}
r21∂2θ∂u=−r1∂r∂θ∂2v
以上两式相加得:
∂
2
u
∂
r
2
+
1
r
2
∂
2
u
∂
2
θ
=
−
1
r
2
∂
v
∂
θ
\frac{\partial^2{u}}{\partial{r^2}}+\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\partial^2 {u}}{\partial^2 \theta}=-\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\partial{v}}{\partial{\theta}}
∂r2∂2u+r21∂2θ∂2u=−r21∂θ∂v
代入条件得到:
∂
2
u
∂
r
2
+
1
r
2
∂
2
u
∂
2
θ
+
1
r
∂
u
∂
r
=
0
\frac{\partial^2{u}}{\partial{r^2}}+\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\partial^2{u}}{\partial^2 \theta}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial{u}}{\partial{r}}=0
∂r2∂2u+r21∂2θ∂2u+r1∂r∂u=0
⇒
\Rightarrow
⇒
1
r
∂
∂
r
(
r
∂
u
∂
r
)
+
1
r
2
∂
2
u
∂
2
θ
=
0
\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial}{\partial{r}}(r\frac{\partial {u}}{\partial r})+\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\partial^2{u}}{\partial^2 \theta}=0
r1∂r∂(r∂r∂u)+r21∂2θ∂2u=0