基本不等式
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三角不等式: ∣ ∣ a ∣ − ∣ b ∣ ∣ ≤ ∣ a ± b ∣ ≤ ∣ a ∣ + ∣ b ∣ \begin{vmatrix} |a|-|b| \end{vmatrix}\leq|a\pm b|\leq|a|+|b| ∣∣∣a∣−∣b∣∣∣≤∣a±b∣≤∣a∣+∣b∣重要
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a b ≤ a + b 2 ( a , b > 0 ) \sqrt{ab}\le\cfrac{a+b}{2} \ (a,b\gt 0) ab≤2a+b (a,b>0)重要
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2 a b ≤ a 2 + b 2 ( a , b ∈ R ) 2ab\le a^2+b^2\ (a,b\in R) 2ab≤a2+b2 (a,b∈R)重要
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sin x < x < tan x ( 0 < x < π 2 ) \sin x\lt x\lt \tan x(0\lt x\lt \cfrac{\pi}{2}) sinx<x<tanx(0<x<2π)
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arctan x ≤ x ≤ arcsin x ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 ) \arctan x \le x \le \arcsin x(0\le x\le1) arctanx≤x≤arcsinx(0≤x≤1)
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e x ≥ x + 1 e^x\ge x+1 ex≥x+1
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x − 1 ≥ ln x , 注 意 此 时 lim x → 1 ln x x − 1 = 1 x-1\ge \ln x,注意此时\lim\limits_{x\to1}\cfrac{\ln x}{x-1}=1 x−1≥lnx,注意此时x→1limx−1lnx=1
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1 1 + x < ln ( 1 + 1 x ) < 1 x ( x > 0 ) \cfrac{1}{1+x}\lt\ln \big(1+\cfrac{1}{x}\big)\lt\cfrac{1}{x}\ (x>0) 1+x1<ln(1+x1)<x1 (x>0)
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x − 1 < [ x ] ≤ x x-1\lt[x]\le x x−1<[x]≤x
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x + x 2 + A > 0 x+\sqrt{x^2+A}>0 x+x2+A>0
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∣ ∫ a b f ( x ) d x ∣ ≤ ∫ a b ∣ f ( x ) ∣ d x \bigg|\displaystyle\int_a^b f(x)dx\bigg|\le\displaystyle\int_a^b|f(x)|dx ∣∣∣∣∫abf(x)dx∣∣∣∣≤∫ab∣f(x)∣dx
柯西不等式
( a 1 2 + a 2 2 + ⋯ + a n 2 ) ( b 1 2 + b 2 2 + ⋯ + b n 2 ) ≥ ( a 1 b 1 + a 2 b 2 + ⋯ + a n b n ) 2 (a_1^2+a_2^2+\dots+a_n^2)(b_1^2+b_2^2+\dots+b_n^2)\ge(a_1b_1+a_2b_2+\dots+a_nb_n)^2 (a12+a22+⋯+an2)(b12+b22+⋯+bn2)≥(a1b1+a2b2+⋯+anbn)2
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\sum_{i=1}^na^2_i\sum_{i=1}^nb^2_i\ge\bigg(\sum_{i=1}^na_ib_i\bigg)^2
i=1∑nai2i=1∑nbi2≥(i=1∑naibi)2
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\cfrac{a_i}{b_i}=k
biai=k时,等号成立。
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\cfrac{\varphi_i}{\mu_i}=a^2_i, \mu_i=b_i^2
μiφi=ai2,μi=bi2
φ 1 μ 1 + φ 1 μ 1 + ⋯ + φ 1 μ 1 ≥ ( φ 1 + ⋯ + φ n ) 2 μ 1 + ⋯ + μ n \cfrac{\varphi_1}{\mu_1}+\cfrac{\varphi_1}{\mu_1}+\dots+\cfrac{\varphi_1}{\mu_1}\ge\cfrac{(\sqrt{\varphi_1}+\dots+\sqrt{\varphi_n})^2}{\mu_1+\dots+\mu_n} μ1φ1+μ1φ1+⋯+μ1φ1≥μ1+⋯+μn(φ1+⋯+φn)2
∑ i = 1 n φ i μ i ≥ [ ∑ i = 1 n φ i ] 2 ∑ i = 1 n μ i \sum_{i=1}^n\cfrac{\varphi_i}{\mu_i}\ge\cfrac{\big[\sum_{i=1}^n\sqrt{\varphi_i}\big]^2}{\sum_{i=1}^n\mu_i} i=1∑nμiφi≥∑i=1nμi[∑i=1nφi]2
当且仅当 φ i μ i = k \cfrac{\sqrt{\varphi_i}}{\mu_i}=k μiφi=k时取等号。
柯西不等式积分形式
∫ f 2 ( x ) d x ∫ g 2 ( x ) d x ≥ [ ∫ f ( x ) g ( x ) d x ] 2 \displaystyle\int f^2(x)dx\displaystyle\int g^2(x)dx\ge\bigg[\displaystyle\int f(x)g(x)dx\bigg]^2 ∫f2(x)dx∫g2(x)dx≥[∫f(x)g(x)dx]2.