前段时间太忙,一直没有更新。今天有点空闲,再更新两道题。
陶哲轩实分析 3.4.10 和 3.4.11
3.4.10
(1)
∀
x
∈
(
∪
α
∈
I
A
α
)
∪
(
∪
α
∈
J
A
α
)
\forall x \in (\cup_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha) \cup (\cup_{\alpha \in J} A_\alpha)
∀x∈(∪α∈IAα)∪(∪α∈JAα) 有
x
∈
(
∪
α
∈
I
A
α
)
x \in (\cup_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha)
x∈(∪α∈IAα) 或者
x
∈
(
∪
α
∈
J
A
α
)
x \in (\cup_{\alpha \in J} A_\alpha)
x∈(∪α∈JAα)
分两种情况讨论:
当
x
∈
(
∪
α
∈
I
A
α
)
x \in (\cup_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha)
x∈(∪α∈IAα) 时,
x
∈
(
∪
α
∈
I
∪
J
A
α
)
x \in (\cup_{\alpha \in I \cup J} A_\alpha)
x∈(∪α∈I∪JAα)
当
x
∈
(
∪
α
∈
J
A
α
)
x \in (\cup_{\alpha \in J} A_\alpha)
x∈(∪α∈JAα) 时,
x
∈
(
∪
α
∈
I
∪
J
A
α
)
x \in (\cup_{\alpha \in I \cup J} A_\alpha)
x∈(∪α∈I∪JAα)
所以
(
∪
α
∈
I
A
α
)
∪
(
∪
α
∈
J
A
α
)
⊆
(
∪
α
∈
I
∪
J
A
α
)
(\cup_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha) \cup (\cup_{\alpha \in J} A_\alpha) \subseteq (\cup_{\alpha \in I \cup J} A_\alpha)
(∪α∈IAα)∪(∪α∈JAα)⊆(∪α∈I∪JAα)
∀
x
∈
(
∪
α
∈
I
∪
J
A
α
)
\forall x \in (\cup_{\alpha \in I \cup J} A_\alpha)
∀x∈(∪α∈I∪JAα) 有
x
∈
(
∪
α
∈
I
A
α
)
x \in (\cup_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha)
x∈(∪α∈IAα) 或
x
∈
(
∪
α
∈
J
A
α
)
x \in (\cup_{\alpha \in J} A_\alpha)
x∈(∪α∈JAα)
所以
∀
x
∈
(
∪
α
∈
I
A
α
)
∪
(
∪
α
∈
J
A
α
)
\forall x \in (\cup_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha) \cup (\cup_{\alpha \in J} A_\alpha)
∀x∈(∪α∈IAα)∪(∪α∈JAα)
所以
( ∪ α ∈ I ∪ J A α ) ⊆ ( ∪ α ∈ I A α ) ∪ ( ∪ α ∈ J A α ) (\cup_{\alpha \in I \cup J} A_\alpha) \subseteq (\cup_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha) \cup (\cup_{\alpha \in J} A_\alpha) (∪α∈I∪JAα)⊆(∪α∈IAα)∪(∪α∈JAα)
所以
(
∪
α
∈
I
∪
J
A
α
)
=
(
∪
α
∈
I
A
α
)
∪
(
∪
α
∈
J
A
α
)
(\cup_{\alpha \in I \cup J} A_\alpha) = (\cup_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha) \cup (\cup_{\alpha \in J} A_\alpha)
(∪α∈I∪JAα)=(∪α∈IAα)∪(∪α∈JAα)
(2)
∀
x
∈
(
∩
α
∈
I
A
α
)
∩
(
∩
α
∈
J
A
α
)
\forall x \in ( \cap_{\alpha \in I }A_\alpha) \cap ( \cap_{\alpha \in J }A_\alpha)
∀x∈(∩α∈IAα)∩(∩α∈JAα)
表明:
x ∈ ∩ α ∈ I A α x \in \cap_{\alpha \in I }A_\alpha x∈∩α∈IAα 同时 x ∈ ∩ α ∈ J A α x \in \cap_{\alpha \in J }A_\alpha x∈∩α∈JAα
表明:
∀
α
∈
I
,
x
∈
A
α
\forall \alpha \in I , x \in A_\alpha
∀α∈I,x∈Aα ,同时
∀
α
∈
J
,
x
∈
A
α
\forall \alpha \in J , x \in A_\alpha
∀α∈J,x∈Aα
所以
∀
α
∈
I
∪
J
,
x
∈
A
α
\forall \alpha \in I \cup J , x \in A_\alpha
∀α∈I∪J,x∈Aα
所以
∀
x
∈
(
∩
α
∈
I
∪
J
A
α
)
\forall x \in ( \cap_{\alpha \in I \cup J }A_\alpha)
∀x∈(∩α∈I∪JAα)
所以 ( ∩ α ∈ I A α ) ∩ ( ∩ α ∈ J A α ) ⊆ ( ∩ α ∈ I ∪ J A α ) ( \cap_{\alpha \in I }A_\alpha) \cap ( \cap_{\alpha \in J }A_\alpha) \subseteq ( \cap_{\alpha \in I \cup J }A_\alpha) (∩α∈IAα)∩(∩α∈JAα)⊆(∩α∈I∪JAα)
∀
x
∈
∩
α
∈
I
∪
J
A
α
\forall x \in \cap_{\alpha \in I \cup J }A_\alpha
∀x∈∩α∈I∪JAα
表明:
∀
α
∈
I
∪
J
,
x
∈
A
α
\forall \alpha \in I \cup J, x \in A_\alpha
∀α∈I∪J,x∈Aα
所以:
∀
α
∈
I
,
x
∈
A
α
\forall \alpha \in I, x \in A_\alpha
∀α∈I,x∈Aα 同时
∀
α
∈
J
,
x
∈
A
α
\forall \alpha \in J, x \in A_\alpha
∀α∈J,x∈Aα
所以
x
∈
(
∩
α
∈
I
A
α
)
x \in ( \cap_{\alpha \in I }A_\alpha)
x∈(∩α∈IAα) 同时
x
∈
(
∩
α
∈
J
A
α
)
x \in ( \cap_{\alpha \in J }A_\alpha)
x∈(∩α∈JAα)
所以
x
∈
(
∩
α
∈
I
A
α
)
∩
(
∩
α
∈
J
A
α
)
x \in ( \cap_{\alpha \in I }A_\alpha) \cap ( \cap_{\alpha \in J }A_\alpha)
x∈(∩α∈IAα)∩(∩α∈JAα)
所以: ( ∩ α ∈ I ∪ J A α ) ⊆ ( ∩ α ∈ I A α ) ∩ ( ∩ α ∈ J A α ) ( \cap_{\alpha \in I \cup J }A_\alpha)\subseteq ( \cap_{\alpha \in I }A_\alpha) \cap ( \cap_{\alpha \in J }A_\alpha) (∩α∈I∪JAα)⊆(∩α∈IAα)∩(∩α∈JAα)
所以 ( ∩ α ∈ I A α ) ∩ ( ∩ α ∈ J A α ) = ( ∩ α ∈ I ∪ J A α ) ( \cap_{\alpha \in I }A_\alpha) \cap ( \cap_{\alpha \in J }A_\alpha) = ( \cap_{\alpha \in I \cup J }A_\alpha) (∩α∈IAα)∩(∩α∈JAα)=(∩α∈I∪JAα)
3.4.11
设 X 是一个集合,I 是一个不空的集合,并且对于每个 α ∈ I \alpha \in I α∈I, A α A_\alpha Aα 是 X X X 的一个子集。证明
X \ ∪ α ∈ I A α = ∩ α ∈ I ( X \ A α ) X \ ∩ α ∈ I A α = ∪ α ∈ I ( X \ A α ) X \backslash \cup_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha = \cap_{\alpha \in I} (X \backslash A_\alpha)\\ X \backslash \cap_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha = \cup_{\alpha \in I} (X \backslash A_\alpha) X\∪α∈IAα=∩α∈I(X\Aα)X\∩α∈IAα=∪α∈I(X\Aα)
(1)
∀
x
∈
X
\
∪
α
∈
I
A
α
\forall x \in X \backslash \cup_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha
∀x∈X\∪α∈IAα 有
x
∈
X
x \in X
x∈X 同时
∀
α
∈
I
,
x
∉
A
α
\forall \alpha \in I, x \notin A_\alpha
∀α∈I,x∈/Aα
所以:
∀
α
∈
I
,
x
∈
X
\
A
α
\forall \alpha \in I, x \in X \backslash A_\alpha
∀α∈I,x∈X\Aα
所以:
x
∈
∩
α
∈
I
X
\
A
α
x \in \cap_{\alpha \in I} X \backslash A_\alpha
x∈∩α∈IX\Aα
所以:
X \ ∪ α ∈ I A α ⊆ ∩ α ∈ I ( X \ A α ) X \backslash \cup_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha \subseteq \cap_{\alpha \in I} (X \backslash A_\alpha) X\∪α∈IAα⊆∩α∈I(X\Aα)
∀
x
∈
∩
α
∈
I
(
X
\
A
α
)
\forall x \in \cap_{\alpha \in I} (X \backslash A_\alpha)
∀x∈∩α∈I(X\Aα)
有:
∀
α
∈
I
,
x
∈
X
\
A
α
\forall \alpha \in I, x \in X \backslash A_\alpha
∀α∈I,x∈X\Aα
所以:
x
∈
X
x \in X
x∈X 和 $ \forall \alpha \in I , x \notin A_\alpha$
所以
x
∉
∪
α
∈
I
A
α
x \notin \cup_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha
x∈/∪α∈IAα
所以
x
∈
X
\
∪
α
∈
I
A
α
x \in X \backslash \cup_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha
x∈X\∪α∈IAα
所以
∩
α
∈
I
(
X
\
A
α
)
⊆
X
\
∪
α
∈
I
A
α
\cap_{\alpha \in I} (X \backslash A_\alpha) \subseteq X \backslash \cup_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha
∩α∈I(X\Aα)⊆X\∪α∈IAα
所以:
∩
α
∈
I
(
X
\
A
α
)
=
X
\
∪
α
∈
I
A
α
\cap_{\alpha \in I} (X \backslash A_\alpha) = X \backslash \cup_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha
∩α∈I(X\Aα)=X\∪α∈IAα
(2)
∀
x
∈
X
\
∩
α
∈
I
A
α
\forall x \in X \backslash \cap_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha
∀x∈X\∩α∈IAα
有
x
∈
X
x \in X
x∈X 同时
x
∉
∩
α
∈
I
A
α
x \notin \cap_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha
x∈/∩α∈IAα
所以
∃
β
∈
I
,
x
∉
A
β
\exists \beta \in I, x \notin A_\beta
∃β∈I,x∈/Aβ
所以
x
∈
X
\
A
β
x \in X \backslash A_\beta
x∈X\Aβ
所以
x
∈
∪
α
∈
I
X
\
A
α
x \in \cup_{\alpha \in I} X \backslash A_\alpha
x∈∪α∈IX\Aα
所以
X
\
∩
α
∈
I
A
α
⊆
∪
α
∈
I
(
X
\
A
α
)
X \backslash \cap_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha \subseteq \cup_{\alpha \in I} (X \backslash A_\alpha)
X\∩α∈IAα⊆∪α∈I(X\Aα)
∀
x
∈
∪
α
∈
I
(
X
\
A
α
)
\forall x \in \cup_{\alpha \in I} (X \backslash A_\alpha)
∀x∈∪α∈I(X\Aα)
所以
∃
β
∈
I
,
x
∈
X
\
A
β
\exists \beta \in I , x \in X \backslash A_\beta
∃β∈I,x∈X\Aβ
所以
x
∈
X
,
x
∉
A
β
x \in X, x \notin A_\beta
x∈X,x∈/Aβ
所以
x
∉
∩
α
∈
I
A
α
x \notin \cap_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha
x∈/∩α∈IAα
所以
x
∈
X
\
∩
α
∈
I
A
α
x \in X \backslash \cap_{\alpha \in I } A_\alpha
x∈X\∩α∈IAα
所以
∪
α
∈
I
(
X
\
A
α
)
⊆
X
\
∩
α
∈
I
A
α
\cup_{\alpha \in I} (X \backslash A_\alpha) \subseteq X \backslash \cap_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha
∪α∈I(X\Aα)⊆X\∩α∈IAα
所以
∪
α
∈
I
(
X
\
A
α
)
=
X
\
∩
α
∈
I
A
α
\cup_{\alpha \in I} (X \backslash A_\alpha) = X \backslash \cap_{\alpha \in I} A_\alpha
∪α∈I(X\Aα)=X\∩α∈IAα