The Elements of Style

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Elementary rules of usage

1. Form the possessive singular of nouns by adding 's

2. In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last

3. Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas

4. Place a comma before a conjunction introducing an independent clauses with a comma

5. Do not join independent clauses with a comma

6. Do not break sentences in two

7 Use a colon after an independent clause to introduce a list of particulars, an appositive, an amplification, or an illustrative quotation

8. Use a dash to set off an abrupt break or interruption and to announce a long appositive or summary

9. The number of the subject determines the number of the verb

10. Use the proper case of pronoun

11. A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the grammatical subject


Elementary principles of composition

12. Choose a suitable design and hold to it

13. Make the paragraph the unit of composition

14. Use the active voice

15. Put statements in positive form

16. Use definite, specific, concrete language

17. Omit needless words

18. Avoid a succession of loose sentences

19. Express coordinate ideas in similar form

20. Keep related words together

21. In summaries, keep to one tense

22. Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end


An approach to style

1. Place yourself in the background

2. Write in a way that comes naturally

3. Work from a suitable design

4. Write with nouns and verbs

5. Revise and rewrite

6. Do not overwrite

7. Do not overstate

8. Avoid the use of qualifiers

9. Do not affect a breezy manner

10. Use orthodox spelling

11. Do not explain too much

12. Do not construct awkward adverbs

13. Make sure the reader knows who is speaking

14. Avoid fancy words

15. Do not use dialect unless your ear is good

16. Be clear

17. Do not inject opinion

18. Use figures of speech sparingly

19. Do not take shortcuts at the cost of clarity

20. Avoid foreign languages

21. Prefer the standard to the offbeat



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