高数 07.09 多元函数微分学习题01

多元函数微分学习题
一、考试内容
多元函数的概念、二元函数的极限和连续性,一阶偏导数与全微分,复合函数与隐函数的求导法,二阶偏导数,二元函数的极值
二、考试要求与基本知识
(1)了解多元函数的概念
了解二元函数的极限和连续性的概念
(2)理解偏导数的概念.了解全微分的概念
(3)会求二元函数的一阶、二阶偏导数,会求二元函数的全微分
(4)掌握复合函数一阶偏导数的求法
(5)会求由方程F(x, y, z) = 0所确定的隐函数z = z(x, y)的一阶偏导数
(6)了解二元函数极值存在的必要条件、充分条件,会求二元函数的极值
例题分析
(一)单项选择题
$例1.函数f(x, y) = \dfrac{1}{\ln(x^2 + y^2 - 1)}的定义域为(\ \ {\color{blue}{D} }\ \ )$
$A.x^2 + y^2 > 0 \quad B.x^2 + y^2 \geq 1 \\ C.x^2 + y^2 > 1 \quad D.x^2 + y^2 > 1, x^2 + y^2 \neq 2$
$解:\ln(x^2 + y^2 - 1) \neq 0 \Longrightarrow x^2 + y^2 \neq 2 \\ x^2 + y^2 - 1 > 0 \Longrightarrow x^2 + y^2 > 1$

$例2.设z = f(x, y)定义域为D=\lbrace (x, y) | 0 \leq x \leq 1, 0 \leq y \leq 1 \rbrace , 则函数f(x^2, y^2)的定义域为(\ \ {\color{blue}{D} }\ \ )$
$A.\lbrace (x, y) | 0 \leq x \leq 1, 0 \leq y \leq 1 \rbrace \\ B. \lbrace (x, y) | -1 \leq x \leq 1, 0 \leq y \leq 1 \rbrace \\ C. \lbrace (x, y) | 0 \leq x \leq 1, -1 \leq y \leq 1 \rbrace \\ D. \lbrace (x, y) | -1 \leq x \leq 1, -1 \leq y \leq 1 \rbrace$

$例3.二元函数f(x, y) = \sqrt{x - \sqrt{y}}的定义域为(\ \ {\color{blue}{D} }\ \ )$
$A.x \geq 0, y \geq 0 \quad B.x > y \geq 0 \\ C.x > \sqrt{y} \geq 0 \quad D.x \geq \sqrt{y} \geq 0$

$例4.设f(x + y, x - y) = x^2 - y^2, 则f(x, y) = (\ \ {\color{blue}{D} }\ \ )$
$A.x^2 - y^2 \quad B.x^2 + y^2 \\ C.(x - y)^2 \quad D.x\cdot y$
$解:\\ 令 x + y = u, x - y = v, \\ 则x = \dfrac{u + v}{2}, y = \dfrac{u - v}{2}\\ f(u, bv) = (\dfrac{u + v}{2})^2 - (\dfrac{u - v}{2})^2 = u \cdot v \\ 即 f(x, y) = x \cdot y \\ 解法2\\ f(x + y, x - y) = x^2 - y^2 = (x + y) \cdot (x - y) \\ \rightarrow f(x, y) = x \cdot y$

$例5.设f(x, y) = dfrac{y}{x^2 + y^2}, 则f(\dfrac{y}{x}, 1) = (\ \ {\color{blue}{B} }\ \ )$
$A.\dfrac{y}{x + y} \quad B.\dfrac{x}{x + y} \\ C.\dfrac{y}{x + y^2} \quad D.\dfrac{x}{x + y^2}$
$解:\\ f(\dfrac{y}{x}, 1) = \dfrac{1}{\frac{y}{x} + 1^2} = \dfrac{x}{x + y}$

$例6.已知f(xy, x - y) = x^2 + y^2, 则\dfrac{\partial f(x, y)}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial f(x, y)}{\partial y} = (\ \ {\color{blue}{C} }\ \ )$
$A.x + 2y \quad B.x - 2y \\ C.2x + 2y \quad D.2x - 2y$
$解: \\ 令 u = xy, v = x - y, f(u, v) = 2u + v^2 \\ \dfrac{\partial f(x, y)}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial f(x, y)}{\partial y} \\ = \dfrac{\partial f(x, y)}{\partial u}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial f(x, y)}{\partial v}\dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial f(x, y)}{\partial u} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} + \dfrac{\partial f(x, y)}{\partial v} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} \\ =2y + 2v + 2x - 2v \\ = 2(x + y)$

$例9.函数z = x^2 + 5y^2 - 6x + 10y + 6的驻点是 (\ \ {\color{blue}{C} }\ \ )$
$A.(-3, 1) \quad B.(-3, -1) \\ C.(3, -1) \quad D.(3, 1)$
$解:\\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = 2x -6 = 0, x =3 \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = 10y + 10 = 0, y = -1 \\ 驻点是(3, -1)$

$例10.设二元函数f(x, y)在点(x_0, y_0)有极小值,且两个一阶偏导数都存在,则必有 (\ \ {\color{blue}{B} }\ \ )$
$A.f_x^{\prime}(x_0, y_0) < 0, f_y^{\prime}(x_0,y_0) < 0 \\ B.f_x^{\prime}(x_0, y_0) = 0, f_y^{\prime}(x_0,y_0) = 0 \\ C.f_x^{\prime}(x_0, y_0) > 0, f_y^{\prime}(x_0,y_0) = 0 \\ D.f_x^{\prime}(x_0, y_0) = 0, f_y^{\prime}(x_0,y_0) < 0$

(二)填空题
$例11.设z = x^3y^2 + xy^3, 则 \left. \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right|_{(1, -1)} = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{2} }\ \ }$
$解:\\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = 3x^2y^2 + y^3 \\ \left. \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right|_{(1, -1)} = 3 \cdot 1^2 \cdot (-1)^2 + (-1)^3 = 2$

$例12.设z = e^\frac{y}{x}, 则 \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{\dfrac{x - y}{x^2}e^{\frac{y}{x}}} }\ \ }$
$解:\\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} \\ = \dfrac{x - y}{x^2}e^{\frac{y}{x}}$

$例13.设z = \cos{(x^2 - y^2)}, 则 \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{2y\sin(x^2 - y^2)} }\ \ }$
$解:\\ 设 z = \cos{u}, u = x^2 - y^2 \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \dfrac{dz}{du} \cdot \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} \\ = -\sin{(x^2 - y^2)} \cdot (-2y) \\ = 2y\sin(x^2 - y^2)$

$例14.设z = \tan(\dfrac{y}{x} + \dfrac{x}{y}), 则 \left. \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} \right|_{(1, -1)} = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{0} }\ \ }$
$解:\\ 令 u= \dfrac{y}{x}, v = \dfrac{x}{y}, z = \tan(u + v) \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} \\ = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}\dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} \\ = sec^2(u + v) \cdot 1 \cdot \dfrac{1}{x} + sec^2(u + v) \cdot 1 \cdot \dfrac{-x}{y^2} \\ = sec^2(\dfrac{y}{x} + \dfrac{x}{y})(\dfrac{1}{x} - \dfrac{x}{y^2}) \\ \left. \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} \right|_{(1, -1)} = \sec^2(-2) \cdot 0 = 0$

$例15.设z = x^3y^5 + x^2y, 则\dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial x^2} = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{6xy^5 + 2y} }\ \ }$
$解:\\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = 3x^2y^5 + 2xy \\ \dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial x^2} = 6xy^5 + 2y$

$例16.设z = y \ln{x}, 则\dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial y^2} = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{0} }\ \ }$
$解:\\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \ln{x} \\ \dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial y^2} = 0$

$例17.设z = x^3y^5 + x^2y, 则\dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial x \partial y} = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{15x^2y^4 + 2x} }\ \ }$
$解:\\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} =3x^2y^5 + 2xy \\ \dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial x \partial y} = 15x^2y^4 + 2x$

(三)解答题
$例18.已知二元函数f(x + y, xy) = x^2 + y^2,求f(x, y)$
$解:\\ 令u = x + y, v = xy \\ f(x + y, xy) = x^2 + y^2 \\ = (x +y)^2 - 2xy \\ = u^2 - 2v = f(u, v) \\\ 即f(x, y) = x^2 - 2y$

$例19.设z = \arctan{\dfrac{x}{y}},求z = \arctan{\dfrac{x}{y}}的偏导数$
$解:\\ 令 u = \dfrac{x}{y}, z = \arctan{u}\\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} \\ = \dfrac{dz}{du} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} \\ = \dfrac{1}{1 + u^2} \cdot \dfrac{1}{y} \\ = \dfrac{y}{x^2 + y^2} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} \\ = \dfrac{dz}{du} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} \\ = \dfrac{1}{1 + u^2} \cdot \dfrac{-x}{y^2} \\ = -\dfrac{x}{x^2 + y^2}$

$例20.设z = e^{xy} \cdot \cos(x^2 - y),求dz$
$解:\\ 令u = e^{xy}, v = \cos(x^2 - y), z = uv \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} \\ = v \cdot ye^{xy} + u \cdot 2x[-\sin(x^2 - y)] \\ = y\cos(x^2 - y)e^{xy} + e^{xy} \cdot 2x[-\sin(x^2 - y)] \\ = e^{xy}[y\cos(x^2 - y) - 2x\sin(x^2 - y)] \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} \\ = v \cdot xe^{xy} + u \cdot [-\sin(x^2 - y) \cdot (-1)] \\ = \cos(x^2 - y) \cdot xe^{xy} + e^{xy} \cdot \sin(x^2 - y) \\ = e^{xy}[x\cos(x^2 - y) + \sin(x^2 - y)] \\ dz = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}dx + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} dy \\ = e^{xy}[y\cos(x^2 - y) - 2x\sin(x^2 - y)] dx + e^{xy}[x\cos(x^2 - y) + \sin(x^2 - y)] dy$

$例21.设z = \arcsin(y\sqrt{x}),求dz$
$解:\\ 令 z = \arcsin(u), u = y\sqrt{x} \\ dz = \dfrac{dz}{du}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} dx + \dfrac{dz}{du} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} dy \\ = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1 - u^2}}[\dfrac{y}{2\sqrt{x}}dx + \sqrt{x} dy] \\ = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1 - xy^2}}[\dfrac{ydx + 2xdy}{2\sqrt{x}}] \\ = \dfrac{ydx + 2xdy}{2\sqrt{x - x^2y^2}}$

$例22.设z = (x^2 + y^2)e^{xy},求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}, \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}$
$解:\\ 令 u = x^2 + y^2, v = e^{xy},则z = uv \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} \\ = v \cdot 2x + u \cdot ye^{xy} \\ = e^{xy} \cdot 2x + (x^2 + y^2) \cdot ye^{xy} \\ = (2x + x^2y + y^3)e^{xy} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} \\ = v \cdot 2y + u \cdot xe^{xy} \\ = e^{xy} \cdot 2y + (x^2 + y^2) \cdot xe^{xy} \\ = (2y+ x^3 + xy^2)e^{xy}$

$例23.设z = (x^2 + y^2)e^{\frac{x^2 + y^2}{xy}},求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}$
$解:\\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} \\ = e^{\frac{x^2 + y^2}{xy}}\dfrac{\partial }{\partial x}(x^2 + y^2) + (x^2 + y^2)\dfrac{\partial }{\partial x}(e^{\frac{x^2 + y^2}{xy}}) \\ = 2xe^{\frac{x^2 + y^2}{xy}} + (x^2 + y^2)e^{\frac{x^2 + y^2}{xy}}\dfrac{\partial }{\partial x}(\frac{x^2 + y^2}{xy}) \\ = 2xe^{\frac{x^2 + y^2}{xy}} + (x^2 + y^2)e^{\frac{x^2 + y^2}{xy}}\dfrac{\partial }{\partial x}(\dfrac{x}{y} + \dfrac{y}{x}) \\ = 2xe^{\frac{x^2 + y^2}{xy}} + (x^2 + y^2)e^{\frac{x^2 + y^2}{xy}}(\dfrac{1}{y} - \dfrac{y}{x^2}) \\ = \dfrac{x^4 + 2x^3y - y^4}{yx^2} e^{\frac{x^2 + y^2}{xy}}$

$例24.设函数f(u, v)具有连续性的偏导数,而z = f(2x + 3y, e^{xy}),求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}, \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}$
$解:\\ 令u = 2x + 3y, v = e^{xy} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} \\ = \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial u}\cdot 2 + \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial v} \cdot ye^{xy} \\ = 2\dfrac{\partial f}{\partial u} + ye^{xy}\dfrac{\partial f}{\partial v} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} \\ = \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial u}\cdot 3 + \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial v} \cdot xe^{xy} \\ = 3\dfrac{\partial f}{\partial u} + xe^{xy}\dfrac{\partial f}{\partial v}$

$例25.设函数f(u, v)具有连续的偏导数,且z = f(x, x\cos{y}),\\ 求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}, \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}$
$解:\\ 令u = x, v = x\cos{y} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} \\ = \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial u}\cdot 1 + \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial v} \cdot \cos{y} \\ = \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial u} +\cos{y}\dfrac{\partial f}{\partial v} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} \\ = \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial u}\cdot 0 + \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial v} \cdot x(-\sin{y}) \\ = -x\sin{y} \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial v}$

$例26.设z = \dfrac{1}{x}f(xy) + y\varphi(2x - y),其中\\ f和\varphi具有连续的偏导数,求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}, \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}$
$解:\\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial }{\partial x}[\dfrac{1}{x}f(xy)] + \dfrac{\partial }{\partial x}[y\varphi(2x - y)] \\ = [-\dfrac{1}{x^2}f(xy) + \dfrac{1}{x} \cdot \dfrac{\partial }{\partial x}f(xy)] + y\dfrac{\partial }{\partial x}[\varphi(2x - y)] \\ = -\dfrac{1}{x^2}f(xy) + \dfrac{1}{x} \cdot y \cdot f_x^{\prime}(xy) + y\cdot 2 \cdot \varphi_x^{\prime}(2x -y)\\ = -\dfrac{1}{x^2}f(xy) + \dfrac{y}{x} \cdot f_x^{\prime}(xy) + 2y \cdot \varphi_x^{\prime}(2x -y)\\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial }{\partial y}[\dfrac{1}{x}f(xy)] + \dfrac{\partial }{\partial y}[y\varphi(2x - y)] \\ = \dfrac{1}{x} \cdot \dfrac{\partial }{\partial y}[f(xy)] + 1 \cdot \varphi(2x - y) + y \cdot \dfrac{\partial }{\partial y}[\varphi(2x - y)] \\ = \dfrac{1}{x} \cdot f_y^{\prime}(xy) \cdot x + 1 \cdot \varphi(2x - y) + y \cdot \varphi_y^{\prime}(2x - y) \cdot (-1) \\ = f_y^{\prime}(xy) + \varphi(2x - y) - y \varphi_y^{\prime}(2x - y)$

$例27.设函数z = z(x, y)由方程x^2 + z^2 = 2ye^x\\ 确定,求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}, \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}$
$解:\\ 令F(x, y) = x^2 + z^2 - 2ye^x \\ F_x^{\prime} = 2x - 2ye^x \\ F_y^{\prime} = - 2e^x \\ F_z^{\prime} = 2z \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = -\dfrac{F_x^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = -\dfrac{2x - 2ye^x}{2z} = \dfrac{ye^x - x}{z} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = -\dfrac{F_y^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = -\dfrac{- 2e^x}{2z} = \dfrac{e^x}{z}$

$例28.设函数z = z(x, y)由方程xz = y + e^z确定,求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}$
$解:\\ 设F(x, y, z) = xz - y -e^z = 0 \\ F_x^{\prime} = z \\ F_y^{\prime} = -1 \\ F_z^{\prime} = x - e^z \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = -\dfrac{F_x^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = \dfrac{z}{e^z - x}$

$例29.设函数z = z(x, y)由方程\dfrac{x}{z} = \ln {\dfrac{z}{y}}确定,求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}$
$解:\\ 令F(x, y, z) = \dfrac{x}{z} - \ln {\dfrac{z}{y}} = 0 \\ F_y^{\prime} = -\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{z}{y}} \cdot (-\dfrac{z}{y^2}) = \dfrac{1}{y} \\ F_z^{\prime} = -\dfrac{x}{z^2} -\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{z}{y}} \cdot \dfrac{1}{y} = - \dfrac{x + z}{z^2} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = -\dfrac{F_y^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = -\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{y}}{-\dfrac{x + z}{z^2}} =\dfrac{z^2}{y(x + z)}$

$例32.设z = e^{y(x^2 + y^2)},求dz$
$解:\\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = e^{y(x^2 + y^2)} \cdot \dfrac{\partial }{\partial x}[y(x^2 + y^2)]\\ = e^{y(x^2 + y^2)} \cdot 2xy\\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = e^{y(x^2 + y^2)} \cdot \dfrac{\partial }{\partial y}[y(x^2 + y^2)]\\ = e^{y(x^2 + y^2)} \cdot (x^2 + 3y^2)\\ dz = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} dx + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} dy \\ = e^{y(x^2 + y^2)}[2xy dx + (x^2 + 3y^2)dy]$

$例33.设z = f(2x + 3y, e^{xy}),其中f(u, v)\\ 具有连续偏导数, 求dz$
$解:\\ 令u = 2x + 3y, v = e^{xy}, \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}\dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} \\ = f_u^{\prime} \cdot 2 + f_v^{\prime} \cdot ye^{xy} \\ = 2f_u^{\prime} + ye^{xy}f_v^{\prime} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}\dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} \\ = f_u^{\prime} \cdot 3+ f_v^{\prime} \cdot xe^{xy} \\ = 3f_u^{\prime} + xe^{xy}f_v^{\prime} \\ dz = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} dx + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} dy \\ = (2f_u^{\prime} + ye^{xy}f_v^{\prime})dx + (3f_u^{\prime} + xe^{xy}f_v^{\prime})dy$

$例34.求函数f(x, y) = x^3 + 8y^3 -6xy + 5的极值$
$解:\\ 解一阶偏导数方程\\ f_x^{\prime} = 3x^2 -6y \\ f_y^{\prime} = 24y^2 - 6x \\ 令f_x^{\prime} = 0, f_y^{\prime} = 0 解得\\ x_1 = 0, x_2 = 1 \\ y_1 = 0, y_2 = \dfrac{1}{2} \\ 两个驻点(0, 0), (1, \dfrac{1}{2}) \\ 求二阶偏导\\ f_{xx}^{\prime \prime} = 6x \\ f_{xy}^{\prime \prime} = -6 \\ f_{yy}^{\prime \prime} = 48y \\ 对于驻点(0, 0), A = 0, B = -6, C = 0, \\ AC - B^2 = -36 < 0, 不是极值点\\ 对于驻点(1, \dfrac{1}{2}),A = 6, B = -6, C = 24 \\ AC - B^2 = 108 > 0, A > 0,是极小值点\\ F(1, \dfrac{1}{2}) = 4是极小值$

$例35.若函数f(x, y) = 2x^2 + ax + xy^2 + by + 2在\\ 点(1, -1)处取得极值,试确定常数a和b,f(1, -1)是极大\\ 值还是极小值?$
$解:\\ f(x, y)的一阶偏导数\\ f_x^{\prime} = 4x + a + y^2 \\ f_y^{\prime} = 2xy + b \\ 把点(1, -1)带入一阶偏到方程得:\\ 4\cdot 1 + a + (-1)^2 = 0 \\ 2 \cdot 1 \cdot (-1) + b = 0 \\ 解得：a = -5, b = 2 \\ 即，一阶偏导方程为:\\ f_x^{\prime} = 4x -5 + y^2 \\ f_y^{\prime} = 2xy + 2 \\ 二阶偏导方程:\\ f_{xx}^{\prime \prime} = 4 \\ f_{xy}^{\prime \prime} = 2y \\ f_{yy}^{\prime \prime} = 2x \\ 对于驻点(1, -1), A = 4, B = -2, C = 2;\\ AC - B^2 = 4 > 0, A > 0, 该处是极小值点, f(1, -1) = 2 是极小值$