高数 08.05 一阶微分方程的解法练习

$\color{blue}{\S 第八章 第五节 一阶微分方程的解法练习}$

$\color{blue}{一、一阶微分方程求解}$

三个标准类型:
可分离变量方程,
齐次方程,
线性方程,
关键：判别方程类型,掌握求解步骤
$例1.求下列方程的通解$
$(1) y^{\prime} + \dfrac{1}{y^2}e^{y^3 + x} = 0; \quad (2)xy^{\prime} = \sqrt{x^2 - y^2} + y; \\ (3) y^{\prime} = \dfrac{1}{2x - y^2}; \quad (4) y^{\prime} = -\dfrac{6x^3 + 3xy^2}{3x^2y + 2y^3}$
$解:\\ (1) y^{\prime} + \dfrac{1}{y^2}e^{y^3 + x} = 0 \\ 因e^{y^3 + x} = e^{y^3} \cdot e^x,故为分离变量方程:\\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = -\dfrac{1}{y^2}e^{y^3} \cdot e^x \\ -y^2e^{-y^3}dy = e^x dx \\ 两边积分\int -y^2e^{-y^3}dy = \int e^x dx, 得\\ \dfrac{1}{3}\int e^{-y^3}d(-y^3) = \int de^x \\ 通解: \dfrac{1}{3} e^{-y^3} = e^x + C$
$(2) xy^{\prime} = \sqrt{x^2 - y^2} + y \\ 两端除以x, \\ x > 0时, y^{\prime} = \sqrt{1 - (\dfrac{y}{x})^2} + \dfrac{y}{x} \\ 是齐次方程,令u = \dfrac{y}{x}, u + xu^{\prime} = y^{\prime} \\ u + xu^{\prime} = \sqrt{1 - u^2} + u \\ xu^{\prime} = \sqrt{1 - u^2} \\ \dfrac{du}{\sqrt{1 - u^2}} = \dfrac{dx}{x} \\ 两边积分得: \int \dfrac{du}{\sqrt{1 - u^2}} = \int \dfrac{dx}{x} \\ \arcsin{u} = \ln |x| + C \\\ \arcsin{\dfrac{y}{x}} = \ln |x| + C \\\ x < 0时, y^{\prime} = -\sqrt{1 - (\dfrac{y}{x})^2} + \dfrac{y}{x} \\ -\arcsin{\dfrac{y}{x}} = \ln |x| + C \\\ (x = 0, y = x也是方程的解)$
$(3) y^{\prime} = \dfrac{1}{2x - y^2} \\ \dfrac{dx}{dy} = 2x - y^2 \\ \dfrac{dx}{dy} - 2x = -y^2 \\ P(y) = -2, Q(y) = -y^2, \\ x = e^{\int -P(y) dy} [C + \int Q(y) e^{\int P(y) dy} dy] \\ = e^{\int [-(-2)]dy} [C + \int (-y^2) e^{\int (-2) dy} dy] \\ = e^{2y} [C + \int (-y^2)e^{-2y}dy] \\ = e^{2y} [C -\dfrac{1}{2} \int (-y^2)de^{-2y}] \\ = e^{2y} [C + \dfrac{1}{2}y^2e^{-2y} + \dfrac{1}{2} \int e^{-2y} d(-y^2)] \\ = e^{2y} [C + \dfrac{1}{2}y^2e^{-2y} + \dfrac{1}{2} \int -2ye^{-2y} dy] \\ = e^{2y} [C + \dfrac{1}{2}y^2e^{-2y} - \dfrac{1}{4} \int -2y de^{-2y}] \\ = e^{2y} [C + \dfrac{1}{2}y^2e^{-2y} + \dfrac{1}{2} ye^{-2y} + \dfrac{1}{4} \int de^{-2y}] \\ = e^{2y} [C + \dfrac{1}{2}y^2e^{-2y} + \dfrac{1}{2} ye^{-2y} + \dfrac{1}{4}e^{-2y}] \\ = Ce^{2y} + \dfrac{1}{2}y^2 + \dfrac{1}{2} y + \dfrac{1}{4}$

$(4) y^{\prime} = -\dfrac{6x^3 + 3xy^2}{3x^2y + 2y^3} \\ y^{\prime} = -\dfrac{6 + 3(\frac{y}{x})^2}{3\frac{y}{x} + 2(\frac{y}{x})^3} \\ 令u = \dfrac{y}{x}, u^{\prime}x + u = y^{\prime} = -\dfrac{6 + 3u^2}{3u + 2u^3} \\ u^{\prime}x = -\dfrac{6 + 3u^2 + 3u + 2u^3}{3u + 2u^3} \\ \dfrac{du}{\dfrac{6 + 3u^2 + 3u + 2u^3}{3u + 2u^3}} = -\dfrac{dx}{x} \\ ln |\dfrac{6 + 3u^2 + 3u + 2u^3}{3u + 2u^3}| = -\ln |x| + \ln |C| \\ \dfrac{6 + 3u^2 + 3u + 2u^3}{3u + 2u^3} x = C \\ \dfrac{6 + 3(\frac{y}{x})^2 + 3u(\frac{y}{x})+ 2(\frac{y}{x})^3}{3(\frac{y}{x}) + 2(\frac{y}{x})^3} x = C \\ \dfrac{6x^4 + 3x^2y^2 + 3x^3y+ 2xy^3}{3x^2y + 2y^3} = C (C为任意常数)$

$例3.设F(x) = f(x) g(x),其中函数f(x), g(x)在(-\infty, +\infty)\\ 内满足以下条件:f^{\prime}(x) = g(x), g^{\prime}(x) = f(x),且f(0) = 0,\\ f(x) + g(x) = 2e^x.\\ (1)求F(x)所满足的一阶微分方程; (2)求出F(x)的表达式.$
$解:\\ F^{\prime}(x) = f^{\prime}(x)g(x) + f(x)g^{\prime}(x) \\ = (f(x))^2 + (g(x))^2 \\ = [f(x) + g(x)]^2 - 2f(x)g(x) \\ = (2e^x)^2 - 2F(x) \\ 所以F(x)满足的一阶线性非齐次微分方程:\\ F^{\prime}(x) +2F(x) = 4e^{2x} \\ P(x) = 2, Q(x) = 4e^{2x} \\ y = e^{-\int P(x) dx} [C + \int Q(x)e^{\int P(x) dx} dx] \\ = e^{-\int 2 dx} [C + \int 4e^{2x}e^{\int 2 dx} dx] \\ = e^{-2x} [C + e^{4x}] \\ = e^{2x} + Ce^{-2x} \\ F(0) = f(0)g(0) = 0代入, 0 = e^0 + C e^0, C = -1 \\ F(x) = e^{2x} - e^{-2x}$

$例4.设有微分方程y^{\prime} + y = f(x),其中$
$f(x) = \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 2, 0 \leq x \leq 1 \\ 0, x > 1 \end{array} \right.$
$试求此方程满足初始条件y|_{x = 0} = 0的连续解.$
$解:\\ x \in [0, 1]上, P(x) = 1, Q(x) = 2 \\ y = e^{-\int P(x) dx}[ C + \int Q(x) e^{\int P(x) dx} dx] \\ = e^{-\int 1 dx}[ C + \int 2 e^{\int 1 dx} dx] \\ = e^{-x}C + 2 \\ 0 = e^{-0}C + 2, C = -2 y = 2 (1 - e^{-x}) (0 \leq x \leq 1)\\ y|_{x = 1} = 2 (1 - \dfrac{1}{e}) \\ x \in (1, +\infty) \\ \dfrac{dy}{y} = -dx, 两端积分得\\ y = C_2e^{-x} (x \geq 1) \\ 2 (1 - \dfrac{1}{e}) = \dfrac{C_2}{e} \\ C_2 = 2(e -1) \\ y = 2(e - 1)e^{-x} ( x \geq 1)$
$原问题的解为:$
$y = \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 2(1 - e^{-x}), 0 \leq x \leq 1 \\ 2(e - 1)e^{-x}, x \geq 1 \end{array} \right.$