第十四章勒让德多项式
物理问题:
求一表面充电至点位为(1+3cos 2 θ)的单位空心球内任一点的点位。
{Δu=−,r<1u| r=1 =(1+3cos 2 θ)
Δu=0−−−−→ 令u=R(r)Θ(θ)Φ(φ) u=?
1sinθ ddθ (sinθdΘdθ )+[l(l+1)−m 2 sin 2 θ ]Θ=0−−→ m=0 Θ(θ)=?
令x=cosθ,y(x)=Θ(θ)
(1−x 2 )y ′′ −2xy ′ +[l(l+1)−m 2 1−x 2 ]y=0→y(x)=?
当m=0时(1−x 2 )y ′′ −2xy ′ +l(l+1)y=0→y(x)=?
−勒让德方程
§14.1勒让德多项式−勒让德方程的解
附:二阶线性常微分方程的技术解法1:
对于:W ′′ (z)+p(z)W ′ (z)+q(z)W(z)=0(1)
若其系数p(z)和q(z)均在某点z 0 及其邻域内解析,则称z 0 为方程的常点.
在常点z=z 0 的邻域|z−z 0 |<R内,方程有唯一的一个满足初始条件
W(z 0 )=C 0 ,W ′ (z 0 )=C 1 形式为W(z)=∑ k=0 ∞ C k (z−z 0 ) k (2)
的幂级数解。其中C 0 和C 1 是任意常数;而其它各次幂系数于C 0 和C 1 的关系,
均由将形式解(2)代入方程(1)中通过比较方程两边同次幂的系数[即让左边
(z−z 0 )的各次幂的系数均为零]来确定.
§14.1.1勒让德方程的级数解
(1−x 2 )y ′′ −2xy ′ +l(l+1)y=0(1)
p(x)=−2x1−x 2 ,q(x)=l(l+1)1−x 2 ,x=0为该方程的常点
令y=∑ k=0 ∞ c k x k (2)
∑ k=2 ∞ k(k−1)c k x k−2 −∑ k=2 ∞ k(k−1)c k x k −2∑ k=1 ∞ kc k x k +l(l+1)∑ k=0 ∞ c k x k =0
x 0 :2⋅1c 2 +l(l+1)c 0 =0→c 2 =−l(l+1)2⋅1 c 0
x 1 :3⋅2c 3 −2c 1 +l(l+1)c 1 =0→c 3 =−l(l+1)−23⋅2 c 1
x k :c k+2 =−[l(l+1)−k(k+1)(k+2)⋅(k+1) c k (3)−系数递推公式
∴c 4 =−l 2 +l−2⋅34⋅3 c 2 =(−1) 2 (l−2)l(l+1)(l+3)4! c 0
c 5 =(−1) 2 (l−3)(l−1)(l+2)(l+4)5! c 1
c 2n =(−1) n (l−2n+2)(l−2n+4)⋯l(l+1)(l+3)⋯(l+2n−1)(2n)! c 0 (4)
c 2n+1 =(−1) n (l−2n+1)(l−2n+3)⋯(l−1)(l+2)(l+4)⋯(l+2n)(2n+1)! c 1 (5)
故y=∑ k=0 ∞ c k x k =c 0 +∑ n=1 ∞ c 2n x 2n +c 1 x+∑ n=1 ∞ c 2n+1 x 2n+1
=y 0 (x)+y 1 (x),式中:
y 0 (x)=c 0 +∑ n=1 ∞ c 2n x 2n (6)
y 1 (x)=c 1 x+∑ n=1 ∞ c 2n+1 x 2n+1 (7)
c 2n =(−1) n (l−2n+2)(l−2n+4)⋯l(l+1)(l+3)⋯(l+2n−1)(2n)! c 0 (4)
c 2n+1 =(−1) n (l−2n+1)(l−2n+3)⋯(l−1)(l+2)(l+4)⋯(l+2n)(2n+1)! c 1 (5)
14.1.2解的敛散性
1.由达氏判别法
R=lim k→∞ |a k a k+1 |=lim k→∞ |c k c k+2 |= (3) lim k→∞ |(k+2)(k+1)l(l+1)−k(k+1) |=1
→y(x)⎧ ⎩ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ |x|<1收敛|x|>1发散|x|=1收敛?发散?
2.由高斯判别法
将x=±1代入(6)和(7)得:
y 0 (±1)=c 0 +∑ n=1 ∞ c 2n (±1) 2n =c 0 ∑ n=0 ∞ f n f n 一常数
类似y 1 (±1)=c 1 ∑ n=1 ∞ g n
∴f n f n+1 =(2n+2)(2n+1)2n(2n+1)−l(l+1) =1+1n +l(l+1)4n 2 ⋯=1+1n +o(1n 2 )
g n g n+1 =1+1n +o(1n 2 )∴y 0 (x),y 1 (x)在x=±1发散
14.1.3本征值问题
{(1−x 2 )y ′′ −2xy ′ +l(l+1)y=0,l(l+1)−常数(8)y| x=±1 →有限
c k+2 =[l(l+1)−k(k+1)](k+2)⋅(k+1) c k (3)
若取l=0,1,2,…,则当l=k时,
c k+2 =c l+2 =0⋅c l =0
从而有c k+4 =0,c k+6 =0,⋯
即y 0 或y 1 →l次多项式
1.若l=k=2n,n=0,1,2,⋯
则c k+2 =c l+2 =c 2n+2 =0,∴c 2n+4 =c 2n+6 =⋯=0
y 0 (x)=c 0 +c 2 x 2 +⋯+c 2n x 2n
=c 0 +c 2 x 2 +⋯+c l x l →l次多项式
y 1 (x)=c 1 x+c 3 x 3 +⋯+c 2n+1 x 2n+1 +c 2n+3 x 2n+3 +⋯→无穷级数
2.若l=k=2n+1,n=0,1,2,⋯
则c k+2 =c l+2 =c 2n+3 =0,∴c 2n+5 =c 2n+7 =⋯=0
y 1 (x)=c 1 x+c 3 x 3 +⋯+c 2n+1 x 2n+1
=c 1 x+c 3 x 3 +⋯+c l x l →l次多项式
y 0 (x)=c 0 +c 2 x 2 +⋯+c 2n+2 x 2n+2 +c 2n+4 x 2n+4 +⋯→无穷级数
总之,本征值问题
{(1−x 2 )y ′′ −2xy ′ +l(l+1)y=0,l(l+1)−常数(8)y| x=±1 →有限
本征值:l(l+1),l=0,1,2,⋯
本征函数:{y 0 (x)=c 0 +c 2 x 2 +⋯+c l x l ,l=2ny 1 (x)=c 1 x+c 3 x 3 +⋯+c l x l ,l=2n+1
c 2n =(−1) n (l−2n+2)(l−2n+4)⋯l(l+1)(l+3)⋯(l+2n−1)(2n)! c 0
c 2n+1 =(−1) n (l−2n+1)(l−2n+3)⋯(l−1)(l+2)(l+4)⋯(l+2n)(2n+1)! c 1
14.1.4勒让德多项式
选c l =(2l)!2 l (l!) 2 ,记上述l次多项式y 0 (x)或y 1 (x)为P l (x),称之为l阶Legendre多项式.
则由(3):c k =(k+2)(k+1)k(k+1)−l(l+1) c k+2 =(k+2)(k+1)(k−l)(k+l+1) c k+2
→c l−2 =l(l−1)−2(2l−1) c l =(−1)(2l−2)!2 l (l−1)!(l−2)! ,
c l−4 =(l−2)(l−3)−4(2l−3) c l−2 =(−1) 2 (2l−4)!2 l 2⋅(l−2)!(l−4)! ,
c l−2n =(−1) n (2l−2n)!2 l n!(l−n)!(l−2n)! →p l (x)=∑ n c l−2n x l−2n
P l (x)=∑ n=0 l2 (−1) n (2l−2n)!2 l n!(l−n)!(l−2n)! x l−2n (9)−勒让德多项式
其中[l2 ]=⎧ ⎩ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ l2 ,l=2nl−12 ,l=2n+1
于是:{(1−x 2 )y ′′ −2xy ′ +l(l+1)y=0,l(l+1)−常数(8)y| x=±1 →有限
⇒{本征值:l(l+1),l=0,1,⋯本征函数:P l (x)
P 0 (x)=(−1) 0 0!2 0 0!0!0! x 0−0 =1(10)
l=1,n:0→1−12 =0,P 1 (x)=(−1) 0 (2−0)!2 1 0!(1−0)!(1−0)! x 1 =x(11)
l=2,n:0→22 =1,
P 2 (x)=(−1) 0 (4−0)!2 2 0!(2−0)!(2−0)! x 2 +(−1) 1 (4−2)!2 2 1!(2−1)!(2−1)! x 0 =12 (3x 2 −1)(12)
P l (1)≡1
14.1.5勒让德多项式的其它表示
1.微分式
P l (x)=12 l l! d l dx l (x 2 −1) l (13)
2.积分式
P l (x)=12πi ∮ l ∗ (ξ 2 −1) l 2 l (ξ−x) l+1 dξ(14)
14.1.6小结
{(1−x 2 )y ′′ −2xy ′ +l(l+1)y=0,l(l+1)−常数(8)y| x=±1 →有限
{本征值:l(l+1),l=0,1,⋯本征函数:P l (x)
P l (x)=∑ n=0 l2 (−1) n (2l−2n)!2 l n!(l−n)!(l−2n)! x l−2n (9)
P 0 (x)=1,P 1 (x)=x,P 2 (x)=12 (3x 2 −1),P l (1)≡1
§14.2勒让德多项式的性质
14.2.1母函数关系
11−2xt+t 2 − − − − − − − − − − √ =∑ l=0 ∞ P l (x)t l ,|t|<1(1)
注:若w(x,t)=∑ n F n (x)t n ,则称w(x,t)为F n (x)的母函数.
物理背景:设在单位球北极置有电量为4πω 0 的正电荷,则在r<1内,任一点的点位u为:
Δu=0,r<1,令u(r,θ)=R(r)Θ(θ)
→{r 2 R ′′ +2rR ′ −l(l+1)R=0(1−x 2 )y ′′ −2xy ′ +l(l+1)y=0,[x=cosθ,y(x)=Θ(θ)]
r 2 R ′′ +2rR ′ −l(l+1)R=0→R l (r)=c l r l +d l r −(l+1)
(1−x 2 )y ′′ −2xy ′ +l(l+1)y=0→y(x)=P l (x)
∴r<1:u(r,θ)=R(r)Θ(θ)=∑ l=0 ∞ c l r l P l (x)
又:u=1d =11−2rcosθ+r 2 − − − − − − − − − − − − − √
∴11−2rx+r 2 − − − − − − − − − − √ =∑ l=0 ∞ c l r l P l (x)
取x=1:11−2r+r 2 − − − − − − − − − √ =∑ l=0 ∞ c l r l →11−r =∑ l=0 ∞ c l r l
∵r<1,11−r =∑ l=0 ∞ r l →∑ l=0 ∞ r l =∑ l=0 ∞ c l r l →c l ≡1,l=0,1,⋯
于是:11−2rx+r 2 − − − − − − − − − − √ =∑ l=0 ∞ P l (x)r l ,(r<1)
更一般:11−2xt+t 2 − − − − − − − − − − √ =∑ l=0 ∞ P l (x)t l ,|t|<1
14.2.2递推公式
11−2xt+t 2 − − − − − − − − − − √ =∑ l=0 ∞ P l (x)t l ,|t|<1(1)
1.(l+1)P l+1 (x)−(2l+1)xP l (x)+lP l−1 (x)=0(2)
2.(2l+1)P l (x)=P ′ l+1 (x)−P ′ l−1 (x)(3)
ddt (1)→x−t(1−2xt+t 2 ) 32 =∑ l=1 ∞ P l (x)lt l−1
两边×(1−2xt+t 2 )→
(x−t)∑ l=0 ∞ P l (x)t l =(1−2xt+t 2 )∑ l=1 ∞ lP l (x)t l−1
x∑ l=0 ∞ P l (x)t l −∑ l=0 ∞ P l (x)t l+1 =∑ l=1 ∞ lP l (x)t l−1 −2x∑ l=1 ∞ lP l (x)t l +∑ l=1 ∞ lP l (x)t l+1
比较等式两边t l 的系数即得(2)式
ddx (1)→t(1−2xt+t 2 ) 32 =∑ l=0 ∞ P ′ l (x)t l
t∑ l=0 ∞ P l (x)t l =(1−2xt+t 2 )∑ l=0 ∞ P ′ l (x)t l
t l+1 :P l (x)=P ′ l+1 (x)−2xP ′ l (x)+P ′ l−1 (x)(4)
ddx (2)→(l+1)P ′ l+1 (x)−(2l+1)P l (x)−(2l+1)xP ′ l (x)+lP ′ l−1 (x)=0
→xP ′ l (x)=P l (x)−l+12l+1 P ′ l+1 (x)−l2l+1 P ′ l−1 (x)(5)
(5)代入(4)→(3)
用途(1)可用低阶的勒让德多项式求高阶的勒让德多项式之值.
如:P 0 (x)=1,P 1 (x)=x→ (2) P 2 (x)
(2)可计算含P l (x)的积分.
如:∫ b a P l (x)dx=12l+1 ∫ b a [P ′ l+1 (x)−P ′ l−1 (x)]dx
=12l+1 [P l+1 (x)−P l−1 (x)] b a
14.2.3正交性
∫ 1 −1 P l (x)P k (x)dx=22l+1 δ kl ,k,l=0,1,2,⋯(6)
其中δ kl ={0k≠l1k=l (克罗内克尔函数)
∵ddx [(1−x 2 )P ′ l (x)]+l(l+1)P l (x)=0(7)
ddx [(1−x 2 )P ′ k (x)]+k(k+1)P k (x)=0(8)
∫ 1 −1 [(7)⋅P k (x)−(8)⋅P l (x)]dx:
[k(k+1)−l(l+1)]∫ 1 −1 P k (x)P l (x)dx=∫ 1 −1 ddx [(1−x 2 )P ′ l (x)]P k (x)dx−∫1 −1 ddx [(1−x 2 )P ′ k (x)]P l (x)dx=0
∫ 1 −1 P l (x)P k (x)dx=22l+1 δ kl ,k,l=0,1,2,⋯(6)
∴当k≠l,∫ 1 −1 P l (x)P k (x)dx=0
当k=l,1(1−2xt+t 2 − − − − − − − − − − √ ) 2 =∑ l=0 ∞ P l (x)t l ⋅∑ k=0 ∞ P k (x)t k
∫ 1 −1 11−2xt+t 2 dx=∑ l=0 ∞ ∑ k=0 ∞ ∫ 1 −1 P l (x)P k (x)dxt l+k
=∑ l=0 ∞ ∫ 1 −1 P 2 l (x)dxt 2l
∫ 1 −1 P l (x)P k (x)dx=22l+1 δ kl ,k,l=0,1,2,⋯(6)
左边=∫ 1 −1 d(1−2xt+t 2 )1−2xt+t 2 ⋅1−2t
=1−2t ln(1−2xt+t 2 )| 1 −1 =12t ln(1+t) 2 (1−t) 2 =1t ln1+t1−t
= T展 ∑ l=0 ∞ 22l+1 t 2l
当k=l:∫ 1 −1 P 2 l (x)dx=22l+1
右边=∑ l=0 ∞ ∫ 1 −1 P 2 l (x)dxt 2l
其中N l =22l+1 − − − − − − √ →P l (x)模,1N l →归一化因子
∴若记P L (x)=1N l P l (x),P K (x)=1N k P k (x)
\int_{-1}^{1} P_L(x)P_K(x) dx = \delta_{KL} -正交归一
用途:可计算含P l (x)的积分.
∫ 1 −1 P 199 (x)P 300 (x)dx=0
∫ 1 −1 P 2 8 (x)dx=22⋅8+1 =217
∫ 1 −1 P 8 (x)P 9 (x)dx=0
∫ 1 −1 xP 8 (x)P 9 (x)dx=917 ⋅218+1
14.2.4广义傅氏展开
f(x)=∑ l=0 ∞ C l P l (x)(9)
C l =2l+12 ∫ 1 −1 f(x)P l (x)dx(10)
用途:(1)在物理中常需将作为表征的物理量展开为级数进行分析。
(2)在求解数学物理方程时其解常是某函数的无穷级数,如稳恒电场的解,就是Legendre级数.
例:求一表面充电至点位为(1+3cos 2 θ)的单位空心球内任一点的点位。
解:{Δu=0,r<1(1)u| r=1 =(1+3cos 2 θ)(2) 令u(r,θ)=R(r)Θ(θ)
(1)→{r 2 R ′′ +2rR ′ −l(l+1)R=0→R l (r)=c l r l +d l r −(l+1) (1−x 2 )y ′′ −2xy ′ +l(l+1)y=0→y(x)=P l (x)
(1)→u(r,θ)=∑ l=0 ∞ C l r l P l (cosθ)→∑ l=0 ∞ C l P l (cosθ)=(1+3cos 2 θ)
即∑ l=0 ∞ C l P l (x)=(1+3x 2 )(3)
C l =2l+12 ∫ 1 −1 (1+3x 2 )P l (x)dx
1=P 0 (x),P 2 (x)=12 (3x 2 −1)→3x 2 =2P 2 +P 0
∴C l =(2l+1)2 [∫ 1 −1 P 0 P l (x)dx+2∫ 1 −1 P 2 P l (x)dx+∫ 1 −1 P 0 P l (x)dx]
=(2l+1)[∫ 1 −1 P 2 P l (x)dx+∫ 1 −1 P 0 P l (x)dx]
C 0 =(2⋅0+1)∫ 1 −1 P 2 0 (x)dx=2,C 2 =(2⋅2+1)∫ 1 −1 P 2 2 (x)dx=2
C l ≡0(l≠0,2)→u(r,θ)=2r 0 P 0 (cosθ)+2r 2 P 2 (cosθ)
另一方法:1=P 0 (x),3x 2 =2P 2 +P 0
(3)→∑ l=0 ∞ C l P l (x)=1+3x 2 =P 0 (x)+2P 2 (x)+P 0 (x)=2P 0 +2P 2
∴C 0 =2,C 2 =2,C l ≡0(l≠0,2)
从而有:u(r,θ)=2r 0 P 0 (cosθ)+2r 2 P 2 (cosθ)
=2+2r 2 12 (3cos 2 θ−1)
=2+3r 2 cos 2 θ−r 2
14.2.5小结
1.母函数关系:11−2xt+t 2 − − − − − − − − − − √ =∑ l=0 ∞ P l (x)t l ,|t|<1(1)
2.递推公式
1.(l+1)P l+1 (x)−(2l+1)xP l (x)+lP l−1 (x)=0(2)
2.(2l+1)P l (x)=P ′ l+1 (x)−P ′ l+1 (x)(3)
3.正交性
∫ 1 −1 P l (x)P k (x)dx=22l+1 δ kl ,k,l=0,1,2,⋯(6)
4.广义傅氏展开
f(x)=∑ l=0 ∞ C l P l (x)(9)
C l =2l+12 ∫ 1 −1 f(x)P l (x)dx(10)
§14.3球函数−缔合勒让德方程的解
问题引入:
由分离变量法有:
Δu=0−−−−→ 令u=R(r)Θ(θ)Φ(φ)
r 2 R ′′ +2rR ′ −l(l+1)R=0→R(r)=c l r l +d l r −(l+1)
Φ ′′ +m 2 Φ=0→Φ m (φ)=A m cosmφ+B m sinmφ
1sinθ ddθ (sinθdΘdθ )+[l(l+1)−m 2 sin 2 θ ]Θ=0→Θ(θ)=?
令x=cosθ,y(x)=Θ(θ)
(1−x 2 )y ′′ −2xy ′ +[l(l+1)−m 2 1−x 2 ]y=0→y(x)=?
物理背景:半径为a的均匀球,表面温度保持u 0 sin 2 θcos2φ,u 0 为常数,求球内稳定温度分布。
{Δu(r,θ,φ)=0,r<a(1)u| r=a =u 0 sin 2 θcos2φ(2)
u(r,θ,φ)=?,r<a
14.3.1缔合勒让德方程的本征值问题
1.缔合勒让德函数
⎧ ⎩ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ (1−x 2 )y ′′ −2xy ′ +[l(l+1)−m 2 1−x 2 ]y=0(1)y| x=±1 →有限,x=0−常点
令y(x)=(1−x 2 ) m2 v(x)(2),代入(1)得:
(1−x 2 )v ′′ (x)−2(m+1)xv ′ (x)+[l(l+1)−m(m+1)]v=0(3)
又(1−x 2 )P ′′ l (x)−2xP ′ l (x)+l(l+1)P l (x)=0(4)
d m dx m (4):(1−x 2 )[P (m) l (x)] ′′ −2(m+1)x[P (m) l (x)] ′ +[l(l+1)−m(m+1)]P (m) l (x)=0(5)
对比(3)(5)式:v(x)=P (m) l (x)
记P m l (x)=(1−x 2 ) m2 P (m) l (x)−称为缔合Legendre函数
本征值:l(l+1),l=0,1,2,⋯
本征函数:y(x)=P (m) l (x)=(1−x 2 ) m2 d m dx m P l (x),m=0,1,⋯,l(6)
P 0 l (x)=P l (x)
P 1 1 (x)=(1−x 2 ) 12 ddx P 1 (x)=(1−x 2 ) 12 ,orP 1 1 (cosθ)=sinθ
P 1 2 (x)=(1−x 2 ) 12 ddx P 2 (x)=3(1−x 2 ) 12 x,orP 1 2 (cosθ)=32 sin2θ
P 2 2 (x)=(1−x 2 )d 2 dx 2 P 2 (x)=3(1−x 2 ),orP 2 2 (cosθ)=3sin 2 θ
P 0 (x)=1,P 1 (x)=x,P 2 (x)=12 (3x 2 −1),P l (1)≡1
2.缔合勒让德函数P m l (x)的微分式
P m l (x)=(1−x 2 ) m2 2 l l! d l+m dx l+m (x 2 −1) l (7)
P −m l (x)=(1−x 2 ) −m2 2 l l! d l−m dx l−m (x 2 −1) l
P −m l (x)=(−1) m (l−m)!(l+m)! P m l (x)
3.缔合勒让德函数P m l (x)的积分式
P m l (x)=(1−x 2 ) −m2 2 l l! (l+m)!2πi ∮ l ∗ (ξ 2 −1) l (ξ−x) l+m+1 dξ(8)
14.3.2缔合勒让德函数的性质
1.母函数关系式:(2m−1)!!(1−2xt+t 2 ) m+12 =∑ l=m ∞ P m l (x)t l−m
2.递推公式:
(l+1−m)P m l+1 (x)−(2l+1)xP m l (x)+(l+m)P m l−1 (x)=0(9)
∵(l+1)P l+1 (x)−(2l+1)xP l (x)+lP l−1 (x)=0(A)
d m dx m (A):(l+1)P (m) l+1 (x)−(2l+1)xP (m) l (x)−m(2l+1)P (m−1) l (x)+lP (m) l−1 (x)=0(10)
又(2l+1)P l (x)=P ′ l+1 (x)−P ′ l−1 (x)
∴−m(2l+1)P (m−1) l (x)=−mP (m) l+1 (x)+mP (m) l−1 (x)(11)
[(11)代入(10)]⋅(1−x 2 ) m2 ⇒(9)
3.正交性
∫ 1 −1 P m l (x)P m k (x)dx=(l+m)!(l−m)! 22l+1 δ kl
4.广义傅氏展开
f(x)=∑ l=0 ∞ ∑ m=0 l C m l P m l (x),
C m l =(l−m)!(l+m)! 2l+12 ∫ 1 −1 f(x)P m l (x)dx
5.例题:半径为a的均匀球,表面温度保持u 0 sin 2 θcos2φ,u 0 −常数,求球内稳定温度分布。
解:{Δu(r,θ,φ)=0,r<1(1)u| r=a =u 0 sin 2 θcos2φ(2)
u=∑ l=0 ∞ ∑ m=0 l (A m l cosmφ+B m l sinmφ)r l P m l (cosθ)
→∑ l=0 ∞ ∑ m=0 l (A m l a l cosmφ+B m l a l sinmφ)P m l (cosθ)
=u 0 sin 2 θcos2φ=13 u 0 P 2 2 (cosθ)cos2φ
∴A 2 2 a 2 =13 u 0 ,A m l a l =0(m,l≠2),B m l a l ≡0
即A 2 2 =u 0 3a 2 ,A m l =0(l,m≠2),B m l ≡0
u(r,θ,φ)=u 0 r 2 a 2 sin 2 θcos2φ
14.3.3球函数
1.定义:
Δu=0−−−→ 令u=R(r)Θ(θ)Φ(φ)
u l,m =(c l r l +d l r −(l+1) )(A m cosmφ+B m sinmφ)P m l (cosθ)
记y m l (θ,φ)=P m l (cosθ){sinmφcosmφ },m=0,1,⋯,l;l=0,1,⋯
或y m l (θ,φ)=P |m| l (cosθ)e imφ ,m=0,±1,⋯,±l−l阶球函数
(独立的y m l (θ,φ)共有2l+1个)
u=∑ l=0 ∞ ∑ m=−l l (c l r l +d l r −(l+1) )y m l (θ,φ)
2.性质
(1)正交归一性:定义归一化的球函数为:
y l,m (θ,φ)=2l+14π (l−|m|)!(l+|m|)! − − − − − − − − − − − − − − √ P |m| l (cosθ)e imφ
m=0,±1,±2,⋯,±l;l=0,1,⋯
易于证明:
∫ π 0 ∫ 2π 0 y l,m (θ,φ)y k,n (θ,φ) ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ sinθdφdθ=δ kl δ nm
y l,−m (θ,φ)=(−1) m y l,m (θ,φ) ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
y 0,0 =14π − − √ ,y 1,±1 =∓38π − − − √ sinθe ±iφ ,y 2,±2 =1532π − − − − √ sin 2 θe ±i2φ
Δu=0→u=∑ l=0 ∞ ∑ m=−l l (c l r l +d r r −(l+1) )y l,m (θ,φ)
(2)广义傅氏展开:
f(θ,φ)=∑ l=0 ∞ ∑ m=−l l C l,m y l,m (θ,φ)
C l,m =∫ 2π 0 ∫ π 0 f(θ,φ)y l,m (θ,φ) ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ sinθdθdφ
3例题:用球函数重新表示上述例题的解
u(r,θ,φ)=∑ l=0 ∞ ∑ m=−l l C l,m r l y l,m (θ,φ)
u| r=a =u 0 sin 2 θcos2φ=u 0 2 sin 2 θ[e i2φ +e −i2φ ]
=u 0 2 32π15 − − − − √ [1532π − − − − √ sin 2 θe i2φ +1532π − − − − √ sin 2 θe −i2φ ]
=8π15 − − − √ u 0 [y 2,2 (θ,φ)+y 2,−2 (θ,φ)]
y 2,±2 =1532π − − − − √ sin 2 θe ±i2φ
∴∑ l=0 ∞ ∑ m=−l l C l,m a l y l,m (θ,φ)=8π15 − − − √ u 0 [y 2,2 (θ,φ)+y 2,−2 (θ,φ)]
∴C 2,2 a 2 =C 2,−2 a 2 =8π15 − − − √ u 0 即C 2,±2 =8π15 − − − √ u 0 a 2 ,C l,m ≡0(l≠2,m≠±2)
∴u(r,θ,φ)=8π15 − − − √ u 0 r 2 a 2 [y 2,2 (θ,φ)+y 2,−2 (θ,φ)]
14.3.4小结
1.P l (x):
(1)母函数关系式:
11−2xt+t 2 − − − − − − − − − − √ =∑ l=0 ∞ P l (x)t l ,|t|<1(1)
(2)递推公式
A.(l+1)P l+1 (x)−(2l+1)xP l (x)+lP l−1 (x)=0(2)
B.(2l+1)P l (x)=P ′ l+1 (x)−P ′ l−1 (x)(3)
(3).正交性
∫ 1 −1 P l (x)P k (x)dx=22l+1 δ kl ,k,l=0,1,2⋯(6)
(4)广义傅氏展开
f(x)=∑ l=0 ∞ C l P l (x)(9)
2.P m l (x):
(1)⎧ ⎩ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ (1−x 2 )y ′′ −2xy ′ +[l(l+1)−m 2 1−x 2 ]y=0y| x=±1 →有限,
本征值:l(l+1),l=0,1,2,⋯
本征函数:y(x)=P m l (x)=(1−x 2 ) m2 d m dx m P l (x),m=0,1,⋯l(6)
(2)(l+1−m)P m l+1 (x)−(2l+1)xP m l (x)+(l+m)P m l−1 (x)=0(9)
(3)∫ 1 −1 P m l (x)P m k (x)dx=(l+m)!(l−m)! 22l+1 δ kl
(4)f(x)=∑ l=0 ∞ C m l P m l (x),C m l =(l−m)!(l+m)! 2l+12 ∫ 1 −1 f(x)P m l (x)dx
3.y l,m (θ,φ):
y l,m (θ,φ)=2l+14π (l−|m|)!(l+|m|)! − − − − − − − − − − − − − − √ P |m| l (cosθ)e imφ
Δu=0→u=∑ l=0 ∞ ∑ m=−l l (c l r l +d l r −(l+1) )y l,m (θ,φ)
∫ π 0 ∫ 2π 0 y l,m (θ,φ)y l,n (θ,φ) ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ sinθdφdθ=δ kl δ nm
f(θ,φ)=∑ l=0 ∞ ∑ m=−l l C l,m y l,m (θ,φ)
C l,m =∫ 2π 0 ∫ π 0 f(θ,φ)y l,m (θ,φ) ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ sinθdθdφ