第五十一课：C++对象模型分析（下）---狄泰软件学院

一、继承对象模型

实例分析1：继承对象模型初探

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class Demo
{
protected:
    int mi;
    int mj;
public:
    virtual void print()
    {
        cout << "mi = " << mi << ", "
             << "mj = " << mj << endl;
    }
};

class Derived : public Demo
{
    int mk;
public:
    Derived(int i, int j, int k)
    {
        mi = i;
        mj = j;
        mk = k;
    }
    
    void print()
    {
        cout << "mi = " << mi << ", "
             << "mj = " << mj << ", "
             << "mk = " << mk << endl;
    }
};

struct Test
{
    void* p;//类中，指向虚函数的指针地址为最开始的4个字节，所以void *p占4个字节，以便于后面的地址与类中的对应上。
    int mi;
    int mj;
    int mk;
};

int main()
{
    cout << "sizeof(Demo) = " << sizeof(Demo) << endl;         
    cout << "sizeof(Derived) = " << sizeof(Derived) << endl;  
    
    Derived d(1, 2, 3);
    Test* p = reinterpret_cast<Test*>(&d);
    
    cout << "Before changing ..." << endl;
    
    d.print();
    
    p->mi = 10;
    p->mj = 20;
    p->mk = 30;
    //通过Test结构体，强制类型转成Demo类类型，并通过P指针去访问修改Demo的那段内存，说明在继承发生的时候，父类的成员变量叠加子类的成员变量
    cout << "After changing ..." << endl;
    
    d.print();
    
    return 0;
}

sizeof(Demo) = 16
sizeof(Derived) = 24
Before changing ...
mi = 1, mj = 2, mk = 3
After changing ...
mi = 10, mj = 20, mk = 30

二、多态对象模型

实例分析2：多态本质分析

#include "51-2.h"
#include "malloc.h"

static int Demo_Virtual_Add(Demo* pThis, int value);
static int Derived_Virtual_Add(Demo* pThis, int value);

struct VTable     // 2. 定义虚函数表数据结构
{
    int (*pAdd)(void*, int);   // 3. 虚函数表里面存储什么？？？
};

struct ClassDemo
{
    struct VTable* vptr;     // 1. 定义虚函数表指针  ==》 虚函数表指针类型？？？
    int mi;
    int mj;
};

struct ClassDerived
{
    struct ClassDemo d;
    int mk;
};

static struct VTable g_Demo_vtbl = 
{
    Demo_Virtual_Add
};

static struct VTable g_Derived_vtbl = 
{
    Derived_Virtual_Add
};

Demo* Demo_Create(int i, int j)
{
    struct ClassDemo* ret = (struct ClassDemo*)malloc(sizeof(struct ClassDemo)); 

    if( ret != NULL )
    {
        ret->vptr = &g_Demo_vtbl;   // 4. 关联对象和虚函数表
        ret->mi = i;
        ret->mj = j;
    }
    
    return ret;
}

int Demo_GetI(Demo* pThis)
{
     struct ClassDemo* obj = (struct ClassDemo*)pThis;    

     return obj->mi;
}

int Demo_GetJ(Demo* pThis)
{
    struct ClassDemo* obj = (struct ClassDemo*)pThis;

    return obj->mj;
}

// 6. 定义虚函数表中指针所指向的具体函数
static int Demo_Virtual_Add(Demo* pThis, int value)
{
    struct ClassDemo* obj = (struct ClassDemo*)pThis;
    
    return obj->mi + obj->mj + value;
}


// 5. 分析具体的虚函数！！！！
int Demo_Add(Demo* pThis, int value)
{

    struct ClassDemo* obj = (struct ClassDemo*)pThis;

    return obj->vptr->pAdd(pThis, value);
}

void Demo_Free(Demo* pThis)
{
    free(pThis);
}

Derived* Derived_Create(int i, int j, int k)
{
    struct ClassDerived* ret = (struct ClassDerived*)malloc(sizeof(struct ClassDerived));
    
    if( ret != NULL )
    {
        ret->d.vptr = &g_Derived_vtbl;
        ret->d.mi = i;
        ret->d.mj = j;
        ret->mk = k;
    }
    
    return ret;
}

int Derived_GetK(Derived* pThis)
{
    struct ClassDerived* obj = (struct ClassDerived*)pThis;
    
    return obj->mk;
}

static int Derived_Virtual_Add(Demo* pThis, int value)
{
    struct ClassDerived* obj = (struct ClassDerived*)pThis; 

    return obj->mk + value;
}

int Derived_Add(Derived* pThis, int value)
{   
    struct ClassDerived* obj = (struct ClassDerived*)pThis;
    
    return obj->d.vptr->pAdd(pThis, value);
}

#ifndef _51_2_H_
#define _51_2_H_

typedef void Demo;
typedef void Derived;

Demo* Demo_Create(int i, int j);
int Demo_GetI(Demo* pThis);
int Demo_GetJ(Demo* pThis);
int Demo_Add(Demo* pThis, int value);
void Demo_Free(Demo* pThis);

Derived* Derived_Create(int i, int j, int k);
int Derived_GetK(Derived* pThis);
int Derived_Add(Derived* pThis, int value);

#endif

#include "stdio.h"
#include "51-2.h"

void run(Demo* p, int v)
{
    int r = Demo_Add(p, v);
    
    printf("r = %d\n", r);
}

int main()
{
    Demo* pb = Demo_Create(1, 2);
    Derived* pd = Derived_Create(1, 22, 333);
    
    printf("pb->add(3) = %d\n", Demo_Add(pb, 3));
    printf("pd->add(3) = %d\n", Derived_Add(pd, 3));
    
    run(pb, 3);
    run(pd, 3);
    
    Demo_Free(pb);
    Demo_Free(pd);
    
    return 0;
}

总结：

1. 继承的本质就是父子间成员变量的叠加
2. C++中的多态是通过虚函数表实现的
3. 虚函数表由编译器自动生成与维护
4. 虚函数的调用效率低于普通成员函数