c++ vector容器 创建动态数组及拷贝优化

vector包含在c++标准模版库中，能够存放任意类型的动态数组，类似于一个容器，能够增加数据和减少数据

使用方法如下：

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

struct Vertex{
	int x,y,z;

	Vertex(int a, int b, int c)
	: x(a), y(b),z(c){}
};

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const Vertex& vertex){
	stream << vertex.x << "," << vertex.y << "," << vertex.z;
	return stream;
}

int main(){
	std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
	Vertex v1(1,2,3);
	Vertex v2(4,5,6);
	vertices.push_back(v1);
	vertices.push_back(v2);

	for(int i = 0; i< vertices.size(); i++){
		std::cout << vertices[i] <<std::endl;
	}

	vertices.erase(vertices.begin() +1);

	for(Vertex& v : vertices){
		std::cout << v << std::endl;
	}

	std::cin.get();
}

1. #include <vector> 声明头文件

2. std::vector<Vertex> vertices; 创建动态数组（数组类型为Vertex）

3. vertices.push_back(v1); 将Vertex类型的变量v1加入数组

4. vertices.erase(vertices.begin() +1); 删除第二个位置的值

当往vector数组添加元素时，会发生多次没必要的拷贝，降低代码效率，如下：

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
 
struct Vertex{
	int x,y,z;
 
	Vertex(int a, int b, int c)
	: x(a), y(b),z(c){}

	Vertex(const Vertex& vertex)
	:x(vertex.x), y(vertex.y), z(vertex.z){
		std::cout << "copy" << std::endl;
	}
};
 
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const Vertex& vertex){
	stream << vertex.x << "," << vertex.y << "," << vertex.z;
	return stream;
}
 
int main(){
	std::vector<Vertex> vertices;

	Vertex v1(1,2,3);
	Vertex v2(4,5,6);
	Vertex v3(4,5,6);
	vertices.push_back(v1);
	vertices.push_back(v2);
  	vertices.push_back(v3);

	std::cin.get();
}

当动态数组创建时，因为没有包含元素，所以不占用内存。当需要push元素进数组时，系统会调整数组长度为1，然后拷贝该元素到数组。当再次push第二个元素时，系统会调整数组长度为2，而且会指定一个新的内存地址，然后把两个元素都拷贝过去。这就降低了效率。同理，第三个元素时，拷贝次数到了6次。

$ ./a.out
copy
copy
copy
copy
copy
copy

为了应对该问题，分两步：

1. 先为该数组预留长度，这样只要数组实际长度没达到这个值，就不会发生上述现象。代码如下：

vertices.reserve(3);  

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
 
struct Vertex{
	int x,y,z;
 
	Vertex(int a, int b, int c)
	: x(a), y(b),z(c){}

	Vertex(const Vertex& vertex)
	:x(vertex.x), y(vertex.y), z(vertex.z){
		std::cout << "copy" << std::endl;
	}
};
 
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const Vertex& vertex){
	stream << vertex.x << "," << vertex.y << "," << vertex.z;
	return stream;
}
 
int main(){
	std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
    vertices.reserve(3);

	Vertex v1(1,2,3);
	Vertex v2(4,5,6);
	Vertex v3(4,5,6);
	vertices.push_back(v1);
	vertices.push_back(v2);
 	vertices.push_back(v3);


	std::cin.get();
}

运行结果显示，只发生了三次拷贝

$ ./a.out
copy
copy
copy

2. 进一步优化，即不在main函数中创建元素再拷贝到数组，而是直接在预留的内存地址生成，代码如下

vertices.emplace_back(1,2,3);
vertices.emplace_back(4,5,6);
vertices.emplace_back(7,8,9);

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
 
struct Vertex{
	int x,y,z;
 
	Vertex(int a, int b, int c)
	: x(a), y(b),z(c){}

	Vertex(const Vertex& vertex)
	:x(vertex.x), y(vertex.y), z(vertex.z){
		std::cout << "copy" << std::endl;
	}
};
 
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const Vertex& vertex){
	stream << vertex.x << "," << vertex.y << "," << vertex.z;
	return stream;
}
 
int main(){
	std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
    vertices.reserve(3);

	// Vertex v1(1,2,3);
	// Vertex v2(4,5,6);
	// Vertex v3(4,5,6);
	// vertices.push_back(v1);
	// vertices.push_back(v2);
 // 	vertices.push_back(v3);
	vertices.emplace_back(1,2,3);
	vertices.emplace_back(4,5,6);
	vertices.emplace_back(7,8,9);

	std::cin.get();
}

运行结果显示一次拷贝也没有发生。

注意在mac上编译时，如果使用xcode工具链的编译工具，会报错