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x^n y ^{(n)} + x^{n-1} y ^{(n-1)} + x^{n-2} y ^{(n-2)} + ......+ x^3 y ^{(3)} + x^2 y ^{''} + x^1 y ^{'} + y = f(x)
xny(n)+xn−1y(n−1)+xn−2y(n−2)+......+x3y(3)+x2y′′+x1y′+y=f(x)
的方程叫做欧拉微分方程。
欧拉方程中包含很多高阶微分的细节。对我个人来说，理解和掌握欧拉方程的求解，对深化微分知识点的理解有很大帮助。
欧拉方程求解原理：
设 x = e t , 则 t = l n x ，可得： 设x = e^t, 则t = lnx，可得： 设x=et,则t=lnx，可得：
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d t d x = 1 x (1.1) \frac {dt}{dx} = \frac{1}{x} \tag{1.1} dxdt=x1(1.1)
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d y d x = d y d t d t d x = 1 x d y d t (1.2) \frac {dy}{dx} =\frac {dy}{dt} \frac {dt}{dx} = \frac{1}{x} \frac {dy}{dt} \tag{1.2} dxdy=dtdydxdt=x1dtdy(1.2)
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d 2 y d x 2 = d ( 1 x d y d t ) d x = d ( 1 x ) d y d t + 1 x d ( d y d t ) d x = \frac {d^2y}{dx^2} = \frac{d( \frac{1}{x} \frac {dy}{dt})}{dx} = \frac{d( \frac{1}{x}) \frac {dy}{dt} + \frac{1}{x} d(\frac{dy}{dt})}{dx}= dx2d2y=dxd(x1dtdy)=dxd(x1)dtdy+x1d(dtdy)=
− d x x 2 d y d t + 1 x d ( d y d t ) d x = \frac{-\frac{dx}{x^2}\frac {dy}{dt} + \frac{1}{x} d(\frac{dy}{dt})}{dx}= dx−x2dxdtdy+x1d(dtdy)=
− 1 x 2 d y d t + 1 x d ( d y d t ) d t d t d x = -\frac{1}{x^2}\frac {dy}{dt} + \frac{1}{x} \frac{d(\frac{dy}{dt})}{dt} \frac{dt}{dx}= −x21dtdy+x1dtd(dtdy)dxdt=
− 1 x 2 d y d t + 1 x 2 d 2 y d t 2 (1.3) -\frac{1}{x^2}\frac {dy}{dt} + \frac{1}{x^2} \frac{d^2y}{dt^2} \tag{1.3} −x21dtdy+x21dt2d2y(1.3)
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\frac {d^3y}{dx^3} = \frac{d (\frac {d^2y}{dx^2})}{dx} = \frac {d(-\frac{1}{x^2}\frac {dy}{dt} + \frac{1}{x^2} \frac{d^2y}{dt^2})}{dx} =
dx3d3y=dxd(dx2d2y)=dxd(−x21dtdy+x21dt2d2y)=
2 d x x 3 d y d t − 1 x 2 d ( d y d t ) − 2 d x x 3 d 2 y d t 2 + 1 x 2 d ( d 2 y d t 2 ) d x = \frac{\frac{2dx}{x^3}\frac{dy}{dt} - \frac{1}{x^2} d(\frac{dy}{dt}) - \frac{2dx}{x^3} \frac{d^2y}{dt^2} + \frac{1}{x^2} d(\frac{d^2y}{dt^2}) }{dx} = dxx32dxdtdy−x21d(dtdy)−x32dxdt2d2y+x21d(dt2d2y)=
2 x 3 d y d t − 1 x 2 d ( d y d t ) d t d t d x − 2 x 3 d 2 y d t 2 + 1 x 2 d ( d 2 y d t 2 ) d t d t d x = \frac{2}{x^3}\frac{dy}{dt} - \frac{1}{x^2} \frac{d(\frac{dy}{dt})}{dt}\frac {dt}{dx} - \frac{2}{x^3} \frac{d^2y}{dt^2} + \frac{1}{x^2} \frac{d(\frac{d^2y}{dt^2}) }{dt} \frac{dt}{dx}= x32dtdy−x21dtd(dtdy)dxdt−x32dt2d2y+x21dtd(dt2d2y)dxdt=
2 x 3 d y d t − 1 x 3 d 2 y d t 2 − 2 x 3 d 2 y d t 2 + 1 x 3 d 3 y d t 3 = \frac{2}{x^3}\frac{dy}{dt} - \frac{1}{x^3} \frac{d^2y}{dt^2}- \frac{2}{x^3} \frac{d^2y}{dt^2} + \frac{1}{x^3} \frac{d^3y}{dt^3} = x32dtdy−x31dt2d2y−x32dt2d2y+x31dt3d3y=
2 x 3 d y d t − 3 x 3 d 2 y d t 2 + 1 x 3 d 3 y d t 3 = \frac{2}{x^3}\frac{dy}{dt} - \frac{3}{x^3} \frac{d^2y}{dt^2}+ \frac{1}{x^3} \frac{d^3y}{dt^3} = x32dtdy−x33dt2d2y+x31dt3d3y=
1 x 3 ( 2 d y d t − 3 d 2 y d t 2 + d 3 y d t 3 ) (1.4) \frac{1}{x^3} (2\frac{dy}{dt} - 3 \frac{d^2y}{dt^2}+ \frac{d^3y}{dt^3} ) \tag{1.4} x31(2dtdy−3dt2d2y+dt3d3y)(1.4)
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