Real-Time Rendering——9.8 BRDF Models for Surface Reflection表面反射的BRDF模型

With few exceptions, the specular BRDF terms used in physically based rendering are derived from microfacet theory. In the case of specular surface reflection, each microfacet is a perfectly smooth Fresnel mirror. Recall that such mirrors reflect each incoming ray of light in a single reflected direction. This means that the micro-BRDF fμ(l, v,m) for each facet is equal to zero unless v is parallel to the reflection of l. For given l and v vectors, this configuration is equivalent to the case where the microfacet normal m is aligned with a vector pointing exactly halfway between l and v. This vector is the half vector h. See Figure 9.33. It is computed by adding v and l and normalizing the result:

除了少数例外，在基于物理的渲染中使用的镜面BRDF项是从微界面理论中推导出来的。在镜面反射的情况下，每个微表面都是一个非常光滑的菲涅耳镜。回想一下，这种反射镜在单一反射方向上反射每个入射光线。这意味着每个面的微BRDF fμ(l，v，m)等于零，除非v平行于l的反射，对于给定的l和v矢量，这种配置相当于微面法线m与正好指向l和v中间的矢量对齐的情况，该矢量是半矢量h，见图9.33。它的计算方法是将v和l相加，然后将结果归一化:

Figure 9.33. The half vector h forms equal angles (shown in red) with the light and view vectors.

图9.33。半向量h与光和视图向量形成相等的角度(显示为红色)。

When deriving a specular microfacet model from Equation 9.26, the fact that the Fresnel mirror micro-BRDF fμ(l, v,m) is equal to zero for all m != h is convenient,since it collapses the integral into an evaluation of the integrated function at m = h.Doing so yields the specular BRDF term 

当从方程9.26推导镜面微界面模型时，菲涅耳镜微BRDF fμ(l，v，m)对于所有m != h都等于0的事实是方便的，因为它将积分折叠为m = h处的积分函数的评估。这样做产生镜面BRDF项

Details on the derivation can be found in publications by Walter et al. [1833], Heitz [708], and Hammon [657]. Hammon also shows a method to optimize the BRDF implementation by calculating n · h and l · h without calculating the vector h itself. 

关于推导的细节可以在Walter等人[1833]、Heitz [708]和Hammon [657]的出版物中找到。Hammon还展示了一种通过计算n · h和l · h而不计算向量h本身来优化BRDF实现的方法。

We use the notation fspec for the BRDF term in Equation 9.34 to denote that it models only surface (specular) reflection. In a full BRDF, it will likely be paired with an additional term that models subsurface (diffuse) shading. To provide some intuition on Equation 9.34, consider that only those microfacets that happen to have their normals aligned with the half vector (m = h) are correctly oriented to reflect light from l into v. See Figure 9.34. Thus, the amount of reflected light depends on the concentration of microfacets with normals equal to h. This value is given by D(h), the fraction of those microfacets that are visible from both the light and view directions, which is equal to G2(l, v, h), and the portion of light reflected by each of those microfacets, which is specified by F(h, l). In the evaluation of the Fresnel function, the vector h substitutes for the surface normal, e.g., when evaluating the Schlick approximation in Equation 9.16 on page 320.

我们用符号fspec表示方程9.34中的BRDF项，表示它只模拟表面(镜面)反射。在完整的BRDF中，它可能会与模拟地下(漫射)阴影的附加项配对。为了给方程9.34提供一些直觉，考虑只有那些恰好法线与半矢量(m = h)对齐的微面相对于从l到v反射光是正确定向的，见图9.34。因此，反射光的量取决于法线等于h的微面的浓度。该值由D(h)给出，即从光和观察方向都可见的那些微面的分数，等于G2(l，v，h)，以及由这些微面中的每一个反射的光的部分，由F(h，l)指定。在菲涅耳函数的计算中，向量h代替了表面法线，例如，当计算第320页的方程9.16中的施利克近似时。

Figure 9.34. Surface composed of microfacets. Only the red microfacets, which have their surface normal aligned with the half vector h, participate in the reflection of light from the incoming light vector l to the view vector v. 

图9.34。由微相组成的表面。只有表面法线与半矢量h对齐的红色微面相参与从入射光矢量l到观察矢量v的光反射

The use of the half vector in the masking-shadowing function allows for a minor simplification. Since the angles involved can never be greater than 90◦, the χ+ terms in Equations 9.24, 9.31, and 9.32 can be removed.

在遮蔽阴影函数中使用半矢量允许较小的简化。由于所涉及的角度绝不能大于90♀，所以方程9.24、9.31和9.32中的χ+项可以去掉。