1.运用CRT求解 x ≡ 8 ( m o d 11 ) \equiv 8(mod\quad 11) ≡8(mod11),x ≡ 3 ( m o d 19 ) \equiv 3(mod\quad 19) ≡3(mod19)
a
=
8
,
b
=
3
,
p
=
11
,
q
=
19
,
n
=
11
×
19
=
209
a=8,b=3,p=11,q=19,n=11\times19=209
a=8,b=3,p=11,q=19,n=11×19=209
p
p
−
1
≡
1
(
m
o
d
11
)
,
q
q
−
1
≡
1
(
m
o
d
19
)
pp^{-1}\equiv1(mod\quad11),qq^{-1}\equiv1(mod\quad19)
pp−1≡1(mod11),qq−1≡1(mod19)
[
1
0
19
0
1
11
]
→
[
0
1
11
1
−
1
8
]
→
[
1
−
1
8
−
1
2
3
]
→
\begin{bmatrix}1 & 0 & 19\\ 0 & 1 & 11\\ \end{bmatrix}\to\begin{bmatrix}0 & 1 & 11\\ 1 & -1 & 8\\ \end{bmatrix}\to\begin{bmatrix}1 & -1 & 8\\ -1 & 2 & 3\\ \end{bmatrix}\to
[10011911]→[011−1118]→[1−1−1283]→
[
1
−
1
8
−
2
4
6
]
→
[
−
1
2
3
3
−
5
2
]
→
[
3
−
5
2
−
4
7
1
]
\begin{bmatrix}1 & -1 & 8\\ -2 & 4 & 6\\ \end{bmatrix}\to\begin{bmatrix}-1 & 2 & 3\\ 3 & -5 & 2\\ \end{bmatrix}\to\begin{bmatrix}3 & -5 & 2\\ -4 & 7 & 1\\ \end{bmatrix}
[1−2−1486]→[−132−532]→[3−4−5721]
p
−
1
=
7
,
q
−
1
=
7
p^{-1}=7,q^{-1}=7
p−1=7,q−1=7
x
≡
8
×
7
×
19
+
3
×
11
×
7
(
m
o
d
209
)
≡
1064
+
231
(
m
o
d
209
)
x\equiv8\times7\times19+3\times11\times7(mod\quad209)\equiv1064+231(mod\quad209)
x≡8×7×19+3×11×7(mod209)≡1064+231(mod209)
x
=
41
x=41
x=41
2.运用CRT求解x ≡ 1 ( m o d 5 ) \equiv 1(mod\quad 5) ≡1(mod5),x ≡ 2 ( m o d 7 ) \equiv 2(mod\quad 7) ≡2(mod7)x ≡ 3 ( m o d 9 ) \equiv 3(mod\quad 9) ≡3(mod9),x ≡ 4 ( m o d 11 ) \equiv 4(mod\quad 11) ≡4(mod11)
M
=
5
×
7
×
9
×
11
M=5\times7\times9\times11
M=5×7×9×11
M
1
=
3465
/
5
=
693
693
∗
b
1
−
1
≡
1
(
m
o
d
5
)
3
∗
b
1
−
1
≡
1
(
m
o
d
5
)
b
1
−
1
=
2
M_{1}=3465/5=693\quad693*b_{1}^{-1}\equiv1(mod\quad5)\quad3*b_{1}^{-1}\equiv1(mod\quad5)\quad b_{1}^{-1}=2
M1=3465/5=693693∗b1−1≡1(mod5)3∗b1−1≡1(mod5)b1−1=2
M
2
=
3465
/
7
=
495
495
∗
b
2
−
1
≡
1
(
m
o
d
7
)
5
∗
b
2
−
1
≡
1
(
m
o
d
7
)
b
2
−
1
=
3
M_{2}=3465/7=495\quad495*b_{2}^{-1}\equiv1(mod\quad7)\quad5*b_{2}^{-1}\equiv1(mod\quad7)\quad b_{2}^{-1}=3
M2=3465/7=495495∗b2−1≡1(mod7)5∗b2−1≡1(mod7)b2−1=3
M
3
=
3465
/
9
=
385
385
∗
b
3
−
1
≡
1
(
m
o
d
9
)
7
∗
b
3
−
1
≡
1
(
m
o
d
9
)
b
3
−
1
=
4
M_{3}=3465/9=385\quad385*b_{3}^{-1}\equiv1(mod\quad9)\quad7*b_{3}^{-1}\equiv1(mod\quad9)\quad b_{3}^{-1}=4
M3=3465/9=385385∗b3−1≡1(mod9)7∗b3−1≡1(mod9)b3−1=4
M
4
=
3465
/
11
=
315
315
∗
b
4
−
1
≡
1
(
m
o
d
11
)
7
∗
b
4
−
1
≡
1
(
m
o
d
11
)
b
4
−
1
=
8
M_{4}=3465/11=315\quad315*b_{4}^{-1}\equiv1(mod\quad11)\quad7*b_{4}^{-1}\equiv1(mod\quad11)\quad b_{4}^{-1}=8
M4=3465/11=315315∗b4−1≡1(mod11)7∗b4−1≡1(mod11)b4−1=8
x
≡
1
×
693
×
2
+
2
×
495
×
3
+
3
×
385
×
4
+
4
×
315
×
8
(
m
o
d
3465
)
≡
1386
+
2970
+
4620
+
10080
(
m
o
d
3465
)
≡
19056
(
m
o
d
3465
)
x\equiv1\times693\times2+2\times495\times3+3\times385\times4+4\times315\times8(mod\quad3465)\equiv1386+2970+4620+10080(mod\quad3465)\equiv19056(mod\quad3465)
x≡1×693×2+2×495×3+3×385×4+4×315×8(mod3465)≡1386+2970+4620+10080(mod3465)≡19056(mod3465)
x
=
1731
x=1731
x=1731
3.手动计算 200 0 2019 ( m o d 221 ) 2000^{2019}(mod\quad 221) 20002019(mod221),不允许使用电脑或者其他电子设备
221
=
13
×
17
221=13\times17
221=13×17,构造
Z
13
∗
×
Z
17
∗
Z_{13}^{*}\times Z_{17}^{*}
Z13∗×Z17∗
2000
↔
(
11
,
11
)
2000\leftrightarrow(11,11)
2000↔(11,11)
(
11
,
11
)
2019
=
(
1
1
2019
m
o
d
13
,
1
1
2019
m
o
d
17
)
(11,11)^{2019}=(11^{2019}mod\quad13,11^{2019}mod\quad17)
(11,11)2019=(112019mod13,112019mod17)
由费尔马小定理得:
(
11
,
11
)
2019
=
(
1
1
2019
m
o
d
13
,
1
1
2019
m
o
d
17
)
=
(
1
1
168
∗
12
+
3
m
o
d
13
,
1
1
126
∗
16
+
3
m
o
d
17
)
=
(
1
1
3
m
o
d
13
,
1
1
3
m
o
d
17
)
=
(
5
,
5
)
(11,11)^{2019}=(11^{2019}mod\quad13,11^{2019}mod\quad17)=(11^{168*12+3}mod\quad13,11^{126*16+3}mod\quad17)=(11^{3}mod\quad13,11^{3}mod\quad17)=(5,5)
(11,11)2019=(112019mod13,112019mod17)=(11168∗12+3mod13,11126∗16+3mod17)=(113mod13,113mod17)=(5,5)
由中国剩余定理得:
x
≡
5
(
m
o
d
13
)
,
x
≡
5
(
m
o
d
17
)
x\equiv 5(mod\quad 13),x\equiv 5(mod\quad 17)
x≡5(mod13),x≡5(mod17)
n
=
13
×
17
a
=
5
,
b
=
5
,
p
=
13
,
q
=
17
n=13\times 17\quad a=5,b=5,p=13,q=17
n=13×17a=5,b=5,p=13,q=17
p
p
−
1
≡
1
(
m
o
d
13
)
,
q
q
−
1
≡
1
(
m
o
d
17
)
pp^{-1}\equiv1(mod\quad13),qq^{-1}\equiv1(mod\quad17)
pp−1≡1(mod13),qq−1≡1(mod17)
[
1
0
13
0
1
17
]
→
[
0
1
17
1
−
1
−
4
]
→
[
1
−
1
−
4
4
−
3
1
]
\begin{bmatrix}1 & 0 & 13\\ 0 & 1 & 17\\ \end{bmatrix}\to\begin{bmatrix}0 & 1 & 17\\ 1 & -1 & -4\\ \end{bmatrix}\to\begin{bmatrix}1 & -1 & -4\\ 4 & -3 & 1\\ \end{bmatrix}
[10011317]→[011−117−4]→[14−1−3−41]
p
−
1
=
4
,
q
−
1
=
10
p^{-1}=4,q^{-1}=10
p−1=4,q−1=10
x
≡
5
×
10
×
17
+
5
×
4
×
13
(
m
o
d
13
×
17
)
≡
850
+
260
(
m
o
d
221
)
x\equiv5\times10\times17+5\times4\times13(mod\quad13\times17)\equiv850+260(mod\quad221)
x≡5×10×17+5×4×13(mod13×17)≡850+260(mod221)
x
=
5
x=5
x=5
`
9.请使用第一同构定理证明定理10.4中定义的映射 ϕ \phi ϕ的单射性
证明:
Z
n
≅
Z
n
×
Z
p
Z_{n}\cong Z_{n}\times Z_{p}
Zn≅Zn×Zp
Z
n
↦
Z
n
×
Z
p
Z_{n}\mapsto Z_{n}\times Z_{p}
Zn↦Zn×Zp的映射为
ϕ
(
x
)
=
(
[
x
m
o
d
p
]
,
[
x
m
o
d
q
]
)
\phi(x)=([x\quad mod \quad p],[x\quad mod \quad q])
ϕ(x)=([xmodp],[xmodq]),
Z
n
×
Z
p
Z_{n}\times Z_{p}
Zn×Zp的单位元为0,
K
=
K
e
r
ϕ
{
(
0
,
0
)
}
K=Ker\phi\{(0,0)\}
K=Kerϕ{(0,0)},K是正规子群
设
ψ
:
Z
n
↦
Z
n
/
K
\psi:Z_{n}\mapsto Z_{n}/K
ψ:Zn↦Zn/K是标准同态,由第一同构定理可得:存在唯一的同构映射
η
:
Z
n
↦
ϕ
(
Z
n
)
\eta:Z_{n}\mapsto\phi(Z_{n})
η:Zn↦ϕ(Zn),使得
ϕ
=
η
ψ
\phi=\eta\psi
ϕ=ηψ
∣
K
∣
=
1
,
∣
Z
n
∣
=
∣
Z
n
/
K
∣
|K|=1,|Z_{n}|=|Z_{n}/K|
∣K∣=1,∣Zn∣=∣Zn/K∣,则
ψ
\psi
ψ为单射,因为
ϕ
=
η
ψ
\phi=\eta\psi
ϕ=ηψ,所以
ϕ
\phi
ϕ为单射
10.完成定理10.4的证明,即证明 Z n ∗ 与 Z n ∗ × Z p ∗ Z^{*}_{n}与Z^{*}_{n}\times Z^{*}_{p} Zn∗与Zn∗×Zp∗同构
证明:
证明
Z
n
∗
×
Z
p
∗
Z^{*}_{n}\times Z^{*}_{p}
Zn∗×Zp∗为群
显然满足封闭性,乘法满足结合律
Z
n
∗
=
{
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
,
n
−
1
}
,
Z
p
∗
=
{
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
,
p
−
1
}
,
Z^{*}_{n}=\{1,2,...,n-1\},Z^{*}_{p}=\{1,2,...,p-1\},
Zn∗={1,2,...,n−1},Zp∗={1,2,...,p−1},
单位元为1,逆元(不确定)
a
p
−
1
a
n
−
1
a^{p-1}a^{n-1}
ap−1an−1
证明同构
定义从
Z
n
∗
Z^{*}_{n}
Zn∗到
Z
n
∗
×
Z
p
∗
Z^{*}_{n}\times Z^{*}_{p}
Zn∗×Zp∗的映射
ϕ
(
x
)
=
(
[
x
m
o
d
p
]
,
[
x
m
o
d
q
]
)
\phi(x)=([x\quad mod\quad p],[x\quad mod\quad q])
ϕ(x)=([xmodp],[xmodq])
证明映射
ϕ
\phi
ϕ是一种双射,由中国剩余定理可得,任意序对中的两个同余式在模n下有唯一解,
ϕ
\phi
ϕ为满射。
由中国剩余定理可得
∀
a
,
b
<
n
\forall a,b<n
∀a,b<n,有
(
[
a
m
o
d
p
]
,
[
a
m
o
d
q
]
)
=
(
[
b
m
o
d
p
]
,
[
b
m
o
d
q
]
)
([a\quad mod\quad p],[a\quad mod\quad q])=([b\quad mod\quad p],[b\quad mod\quad q])
([amodp],[amodq])=([bmodp],[bmodq]),则a=b
证明映射
ϕ
\phi
ϕ保持群操作
ϕ
(
a
×
b
)
=
(
[
(
a
×
b
)
m
o
d
p
]
,
[
(
a
×
b
)
m
o
d
q
]
)
\phi(a\times b)=([(a\times b)mod\quad p],[(a\times b)mod\quad q])
ϕ(a×b)=([(a×b)modp],[(a×b)modq])
=
(
[
a
m
o
d
p
×
b
m
o
d
p
]
m
o
d
p
,
[
a
m
o
d
q
×
b
m
o
d
q
]
m
o
d
q
=([a\quad mod\quad p\times b\quad mod\quad p]mod\quad p,[a\quad mod\quad q\times b\quad mod\quad q]mod\quad q
=([amodp×bmodp]modp,[amodq×bmodq]modq
=
(
[
a
m
o
d
p
]
,
[
a
m
o
d
q
]
×
(
[
b
m
o
d
p
]
,
[
b
m
o
d
q
]
=([a\quad mod\quad p],[a\quad mod\quad q]\times([b\quad mod\quad p],[b\quad mod\quad q]
=([amodp],[amodq]×([bmodp],[bmodq]
=
ϕ
(
a
)
×
ϕ
(
b
)
=\phi(a)\times\phi(b)
=ϕ(a)×ϕ(b)
综上所述,
Z
n
∗
与
Z
n
∗
×
Z
p
∗
Z^{*}_{n}与Z^{*}_{n}\times Z^{*}_{p}
Zn∗与Zn∗×Zp∗同构