广义函数是一类线性泛函,定义在一个测试函数的空间上。因为它们不是普通的函数,所以要用分部积分来定义它们的导数。以下是广义函数微分性质的证明:
设 T T T 是一个广义函数, u u u 是一个测试函数。
- 首先考虑常数乘法法则:
d d x ( c T ) u = c d d x ( T u ) \frac{d}{dx}(cT)u = c\frac{d}{dx}(Tu) dxd(cT)u=cdxd(Tu)
其中 c c c 是常数。这个结论可以通过逐一检验定义得到,即:
⟨ d d x ( c T ) , u ⟩ = − ⟨ c T , d d x u ⟩ = − c ⟨ T , d d x u ⟩ = ⟨ c d d x ( T ) , u ⟩ \begin{aligned} \langle \frac{d}{dx}(cT), u\rangle &= -\langle cT, \frac{d}{dx}u\rangle \\ &= -c\langle T, \frac{d}{dx}u\rangle \\ &= \langle c\frac{d}{dx}(T), u\rangle \end{aligned} ⟨dxd(cT),u⟩=−⟨cT,dxdu⟩=−c⟨T,dxdu⟩=⟨cdxd(T),u⟩
- 然后考虑加法法则:
d d x ( T 1 + T 2 ) u = d d x ( T 1 u ) + d d x ( T 2 u ) \frac{d}{dx}(T_1+T_2)u = \frac{d}{dx}(T_1u) + \frac{d}{dx}(T_2u) dxd(T1+T2)u=dxd(T1u)+dxd(T2u)
这个结论可以通过逐一检验定义得到,即:
⟨ d d x ( T 1 + T 2 ) , u ⟩ = − ⟨ T 1 + T 2 , d d x u ⟩ = − ⟨ T 1 , d d x u ⟩ − ⟨ T 2 , d d x u ⟩ = ⟨ d d x ( T 1 ) , u ⟩ + ⟨ d d x ( T 2 ) , u ⟩ \begin{aligned} \langle \frac{d}{dx}(T_1+T_2), u\rangle &= -\langle T_1+T_2, \frac{d}{dx}u\rangle \\ &= -\langle T_1, \frac{d}{dx}u\rangle - \langle T_2, \frac{d}{dx}u\rangle \\ &= \langle \frac{d}{dx}(T_1), u\rangle + \langle \frac{d}{dx}(T_2), u\rangle \end{aligned} ⟨dxd(T1+T2),u⟩=−⟨T1+T2,dxdu⟩=−⟨T1,dxdu⟩−⟨T2,dxdu⟩=⟨dxd(T1),u⟩+⟨dxd(T2),u⟩
- 最后考虑Leibniz法则,即:
d d x ( T 1 T 2 ) u = T 1 d d x ( T 2 u ) + T 2 d d x ( T 1 u ) \frac{d}{dx}(T_1T_2)u = T_1\frac{d}{dx}(T_2u) + T_2\frac{d}{dx}(T_1u) dxd(T1T2)u=T1dxd(T2u)+T2dxd(T1u)
这个结论可以通过分部积分得到。设 T 1 T_1 T1 的阶数为 m m m, T 2 T_2 T2 的阶数为 n n n,则有:
⟨ d d x ( T 1 T 2 ) , u ⟩ = − ⟨ T 1 T 2 , d d x u ⟩ = − ∑ k = 0 m + n ⟨ T 1 ( k ) , T 2 ( m + n − k + 1 ) d m + n + 1 − k d x m + n + 1 − k u ⟩ = − ∑ k = 0 m + n − 1 ⟨ T 1 ( k ) , T 2 ( m + n − k ) d m + n − k d x m + n − k d u d x ⟩ − ⟨ T 1 ( m + n ) , T 2 d m + n + 1 d x m + n + 1 u ⟩ = ∑ k = 0 m + n − 1 ⟨ d d x ( T 1 ( k ) ) , T 2 ( m + n − k ) u ⟩ + ∑ k = 0 m + n − 1 ⟨ T 1 ( k ) , d d x ( T 2 ( m + n − k ) u ) ⟩ + ⟨ d d x ( T 1 ( m + n ) ) , T 2 u ⟩ = ⟨ T 1 , d d x ( T 2 u ) ⟩ + ⟨ d d x ( T 1 ) , T 2 u ⟩ \begin{aligned} \langle \frac{d}{dx}(T_1T_2), u\rangle &= -\langle T_1T_2, \frac{d}{dx}u\rangle \\ &= -\sum_{k=0}^{m+n}\langle T_1^{(k)}, T_2^{(m+n-k+1)}\frac{d^{m+n+1-k}}{dx^{m+n+1-k}}u\rangle \\ &= -\sum_{k=0}^{m+n-1}\langle T_1^{(k)}, T_2^{(m+n-k)}\frac{d^{m+n-k}}{dx^{m+n-k}}\frac{du}{dx}\rangle \\ &\quad - \langle T_1^{(m+n)}, T_2\frac{d^{m+n+1}}{dx^{m+n+1}}u\rangle \\ &= \sum_{k=0}^{m+n-1}\langle \frac{d}{dx}(T_1^{(k)}), T_2^{(m+n-k)}u\rangle \\ &\quad + \sum_{k=0}^{m+n-1}\langle T_1^{(k)}, \frac{d}{dx}(T_2^{(m+n-k)}u)\rangle + \langle \frac{d}{dx}(T_1^{(m+n)}), T_2u\rangle \\ &= \langle T_1, \frac{d}{dx}(T_2u)\rangle + \langle \frac{d}{dx}(T_1), T_2u\rangle \end{aligned} ⟨dxd(T1T2),u⟩=−⟨T1T2,dxdu⟩=−k=0∑m+n⟨T1(k),T2(m+n−k+1)dxm+n+1−kdm+n+1−ku⟩=−k=0∑m+n−1⟨T1(k),T2(m+n−k)dxm+n−kdm+n−kdxdu⟩−⟨T1(m+n),T2dxm+n+1dm+n+1u⟩=k=0∑m+n−1⟨dxd(T1(k)),T2(m+n−k)u⟩+k=0∑m+n−1⟨T1(k),dxd(T2(m+n−k)u)⟩+⟨dxd(T1(m+n)),T2u⟩=⟨T1,dxd(T2u)⟩+⟨dxd(T1),T2u⟩
因此,证毕。