计算机视觉算法实战——行为识别：从原理到应用

喵了个AI

于 2025-03-28 08:00:00 发布

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分类专栏：计算机视觉实战项目文章标签：计算机视觉算法人工智能

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1. 行为识别领域概述

行为识别（Action Recognition）是计算机视觉中极具挑战性的核心任务，旨在通过分析视频序列自动识别和理解人类行为动作。这一技术在人机交互、智能监控、体育分析、医疗监护等领域具有广泛应用前景，是人工智能理解物理世界的重要桥梁。

1.1 技术挑战与特点

行为识别面临独特的技术挑战：

时序建模：需要捕捉动作的时序演化特征
多尺度分析：动作可能持续不同时间长度（从几分之一秒到几分钟）
上下文依赖：相同动作在不同场景下可能有不同含义
视角变化：同一动作从不同视角观察差异显著
遮挡问题：人体可能被其他物体或自身部分遮挡

1.2 主要技术路线

根据处理方式不同，主流方法可分为：

基于手工特征的方法（如HOG、SIFT、STIP等）
基于深度学习的方法（2D CNN、3D CNN、双流网络等）
基于骨架数据的方法（GCN、ST-GCN等）
多模态融合方法（结合RGB、光流、深度等信息）

2. 当前主流行为识别算法

2.1 2D CNN时序建模方法

代表模型：TSN（Temporal Segment Networks）

将视频分成多个片段
每个片段随机采样一帧
使用2D CNN提取特征后融合
优点：计算效率高
缺点：时序建模能力有限

2.2 3D CNN方法

代表模型：

C3D：使用3×3×3卷积核的简单3D CNN
I3D：将ImageNet预训练的2D卷积核"膨胀"到3D
SlowFast：双路径处理时空信息

3D CNN特点：

直接处理时空立方体
计算量大幅增加
需要大规模视频数据预训练

2.3 双流网络及其变体

经典双流网络：

空间流：处理RGB帧
时间流：处理光流帧
后期融合两流预测结果

改进方向：

光流计算替代（TVNet等）
更高效的融合策略
多模态扩展

2.4 基于骨架的GCN方法

代表模型：

ST-GCN：时空图卷积网络
2s-AGCN：自适应图卷积
MS-G3D：多尺度图卷积

优点：

对背景变化鲁棒
计算量相对较小
数据隐私性好（无需原始视频）

2.5 Transformer架构

视频Transformer模型：

TimeSformer：将ViT扩展到视频领域
ViViT：纯Transformer视频架构
Motionformer：专注运动建模

特点：

强大的长程依赖建模能力
数据效率较低
计算复杂度高

2.6 算法性能对比

方法类型	代表模型	优点	缺点	适用场景
2D CNN	TSN	计算高效	时序建模弱	实时应用
3D CNN	SlowFast	时空联合建模	计算量大	高精度场景
双流网络	TSN+光流	运动信息明确	光流计算耗时	中小规模数据集
骨架GCN	MS-G3D	背景鲁棒性强	依赖姿态估计	隐私敏感场景
Transformer	TimeSformer	长序列建模能力强	需要大量数据	大规模视频理解

3. 领先算法详解：MoCo+SlowFast

在众多行为识别算法中，MoCo+SlowFast组合在多个基准测试中表现出色，特别是在小样本学习和迁移学习场景下。

3.1 SlowFast网络原理

SlowFast网络采用双路径架构：

Slow路径（低帧率）：
- 捕获空间语义信息
- 帧率通常为原始视频的1/16
- 通道数较多（更多容量）
Fast路径（高帧率）：
- 捕捉运动细节
- 帧率通常为原始视频的1/4
- 通道数较少（计算高效）

关键设计：

横向连接：融合两路径特征
时间维度下采样：保持计算效率
非对称信息处理：适应不同时序粒度

3.2 MoCo自监督预训练

MoCo（Momentum Contrast）为SlowFast提供强大的预训练权重：

对比学习框架：
- 构建动态字典
- 正负样本对比
- 动量更新编码器
视频领域适配：
- 时空数据增强
- 跨视频负样本
- 时序一致性约束

3.3 性能优势分析

在Kinetics-400数据集上的表现：

Top-1准确率：79.8%
计算效率：比纯3D CNN高3倍
小样本适应：仅需10%标注数据即可达到70%+准确率

# SlowFast网络核心代码示例
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class SlowFast(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_classes):
        super().__init__()
        # Slow路径
        self.s_conv1 = nn.Conv3d(3, 64, kernel_size=(1,7,7), stride=(1,2,2), padding=(0,3,3))
        self.s_res1 = ResBlock3D(64, 256, temporal_stride=1)
        self.s_res2 = ResBlock3D(256, 512, temporal_stride=2)
        
        # Fast路径
        self.f_conv1 = nn.Conv3d(3, 8, kernel_size=(5,7,7), stride=(1,2,2), padding=(2,3,3))
        self.f_res1 = ResBlock3D(8, 32, temporal_stride=1)
        self.f_res2 = ResBlock3D(32, 64, temporal_stride=2)
        
        # 横向连接与分类头
        self.lateral = LateralConnections()
        self.head = nn.Linear(2048, num_classes)
    
    def forward(self, x):
        # 输入x应为元组(slow_path, fast_path)
        s_x, f_x = x
        
        # Slow路径
        s_x = self.s_conv1(s_x)
        s_x = self.s_res1(s_x)
        s_x = self.s_res2(s_x)
        
        # Fast路径
        f_x = self.f_conv1(f_x)
        f_x = self.f_res1(f_x)
        f_x = self.f_res2(f_x)
        
        # 特征融合与分类
        fused = self.lateral(s_x, f_x)
        return self.head(fused)

class ResBlock3D(nn.Module):
    # 3D残差块实现
    pass

class LateralConnections(nn.Module):
    # 横向连接实现
    pass

4. 常用数据集及获取方式

4.1 主流行为识别数据集

Kinetics系列
- Kinetics-400：400类，30万视频
- Kinetics-600：600类扩展版
- Kinetics-700：最新大规模版本
- 特点：多样性强，质量高
- 下载：https://deepmind.com/research/open-source/kinetics
Something-Something
- V1/V2版本：174类，约22万视频
- 特点：强调时序关系
- 下载：https://20bn.com/datasets/something-something
UCF101
- 101类，13,320视频
- 特点：经典基准数据集
- 下载：CRCV | Center for Research in Computer Vision at the University of Central Florida
HMDB51
- 51类，7,000视频
- 特点：挑战性较大
- 下载：Serre Lab » HMDB: a large human motion database
NTU RGB+D
- 60类，56,880样本
- 特点：多视角骨架数据
- 下载：ROSE Lab

4.2 数据预处理示例

import decord
import torchvision.transforms as T

class VideoDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
    def __init__(self, video_paths, labels, num_frames=32, slow_factor=4):
        self.video_paths = video_paths
        self.labels = labels
        self.num_frames = num_frames
        self.slow_factor = slow_factor
        self.transform = T.Compose([
            T.Resize(256),
            T.CenterCrop(224),
            T.Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
        ])
    
    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        # 使用decord高效读取视频
        vr = decord.VideoReader(self.video_paths[idx])
        total_frames = len(vr)
        
        # Fast路径采样
        fast_indices = self._sample_frames(total_frames, self.num_frames)
        fast_frames = vr.get_batch(fast_indices).asnumpy()
        fast_frames = torch.from_numpy(fast_frames).permute(0, 3, 1, 2).float() / 255.0
        
        # Slow路径采样
        slow_indices = fast_indices[::self.slow_factor]
        slow_frames = vr.get_batch(slow_indices).asnumpy()
        slow_frames = torch.from_numpy(slow_frames).permute(0, 3, 1, 2).float() / 255.0
        
        # 应用变换
        fast_frames = torch.stack([self.transform(f) for f in fast_frames])
        slow_frames = torch.stack([self.transform(f) for f in slow_frames])
        
        return (slow_frames, fast_frames), self.labels[idx]
    
    def _sample_frames(self, total_frames, target_frames):
        # 等间隔采样逻辑
        step = max(1, (total_frames - 1) // (target_frames - 1))
        indices = [min(i * step, total_frames - 1) for i in range(target_frames)]
        return indices

5. 完整代码实现：基于SlowFast的行为识别

以下是一个完整的SlowFast实现，包含数据加载、模型定义和训练流程：

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from torchvision.models.video import r3d_18
import numpy as np

# 数据加载增强
class VideoTransform:
    def __init__(self, mode='train'):
        self.mode = mode
        if mode == 'train':
            self.transform = T.Compose([
                T.RandomResizedCrop(224),
                T.RandomHorizontalFlip(),
                T.ColorJitter(0.2, 0.2, 0.2),
                T.Normalize(mean=[0.43216, 0.394666, 0.37645], 
                           std=[0.22803, 0.22145, 0.216989])
            ])
        else:
            self.transform = T.Compose([
                T.Resize(256),
                T.CenterCrop(224),
                T.Normalize(mean=[0.43216, 0.394666, 0.37645], 
                           std=[0.22803, 0.22145, 0.216989])
            ])
    
    def __call__(self, x):
        return self.transform(x)

# SlowFast模型实现
class SlowFast(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_classes, slow_factor=4, beta=1/8):
        super().__init__()
        self.slow_factor = slow_factor
        self.beta = beta  # Fast路径通道缩减因子
        
        # Slow路径
        self.s_conv1 = nn.Conv3d(3, 64, kernel_size=(1,7,7), 
                                stride=(1,2,2), padding=(0,3,3))
        self.s_maxpool = nn.MaxPool3d(kernel_size=(1,3,3), 
                                    stride=(1,2,2), padding=(0,1,1))
        self.s_res1 = self._make_layer(64, 256, stride=1)
        self.s_res2 = self._make_layer(256, 512, stride=2)
        self.s_res3 = self._make_layer(512, 1024, stride=2)
        self.s_res4 = self._make_layer(1024, 2048, stride=2)
        
        # Fast路径
        fast_channels = int(64 * beta)
        self.f_conv1 = nn.Conv3d(3, fast_channels, kernel_size=(5,7,7),
                                stride=(1,2,2), padding=(2,3,3))
        self.f_maxpool = nn.MaxPool3d(kernel_size=(1,3,3),
                                    stride=(1,2,2), padding=(0,1,1))
        self.f_res1 = self._make_layer(fast_channels, int(256*beta), stride=1)
        self.f_res2 = self._make_layer(int(256*beta), int(512*beta), stride=2)
        self.f_res3 = self._make_layer(int(512*beta), int(1024*beta), stride=2)
        self.f_res4 = self._make_layer(int(1024*beta), int(2048*beta), stride=2)
        
        # 横向连接
        self.lateral_p1 = LateralConnection(int(256*beta), 256)
        self.lateral_p2 = LateralConnection(int(512*beta), 512)
        self.lateral_p3 = LateralConnection(int(1024*beta), 1024)
        
        # 分类头
        self.avgpool = nn.AdaptiveAvgPool3d((1,1,1))
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(0.5)
        self.fc = nn.Linear(2048 + int(2048*beta), num_classes)
    
    def _make_layer(self, in_channels, out_channels, stride):
        return nn.Sequential(
            Bottleneck3D(in_channels, out_channels, stride),
            Bottleneck3D(out_channels, out_channels, 1)
        )
    
    def forward(self, x):
        # 输入应为(slow_frames, fast_frames)元组
        s_x, f_x = x
        
        # Slow路径前向
        s_x = self.s_conv1(s_x)
        s_x = self.s_maxpool(s_x)
        s_x = self.s_res1(s_x)  # 输出形状: B,256,T/8,H/4,W/4
        s_x = self.s_res2(s_x)  # B,512,T/16,H/8,W/8
        s_x = self.lateral_p1(s_x, self.f_res2(f_x))  # 第一次横向连接
        
        s_x = self.s_res3(s_x)  # B,1024,T/32,H/16,W/16
        s_x = self.lateral_p2(s_x, self.f_res3(f_x))
        
        s_x = self.s_res4(s_x)  # B,2048,T/64,H/32,W/32
        s_x = self.lateral_p3(s_x, self.f_res4(f_x))
        
        # Fast路径前向
        f_x = self.f_conv1(f_x)
        f_x = self.f_maxpool(f_x)
        f_x = self.f_res1(f_x)
        f_x = self.f_res2(f_x)
        f_x = self.f_res3(f_x)
        f_x = self.f_res4(f_x)
        
        # 特征聚合
        s_x = self.avgpool(s_x).flatten(1)
        f_x = self.avgpool(f_x).flatten(1)
        features = torch.cat([s_x, f_x], dim=1)
        
        # 分类
        return self.fc(self.dropout(features))

class LateralConnection(nn.Module):
    """Slow和Fast路径间的横向连接"""
    def __init__(self, fast_channels, slow_channels):
        super().__init__()
        self.conv = nn.Conv3d(fast_channels, slow_channels, 
                             kernel_size=(5,1,1), stride=(1,1,1),
                             padding=(2,0,0), bias=False)
        self.bn = nn.BatchNorm3d(slow_channels)
        self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
    
    def forward(self, slow_x, fast_x):
        # 调整Fast路径特征的时间维度
        fast_x = self.conv(fast_x)
        fast_x = self.bn(fast_x)
        fast_x = self.relu(fast_x)
        
        # 时间维度对齐(通过插值)
        if slow_x.shape[2] != fast_x.shape[2]:
            scale_factor = slow_x.shape[2] / fast_x.shape[2]
            fast_x = F.interpolate(fast_x, scale_factor=(scale_factor,1,1),
                                  mode='trilinear')
        
        return slow_x + fast_x

class Bottleneck3D(nn.Module):
    """3D残差瓶颈块"""
    expansion = 4
    
    def __init__(self, inplanes, planes, stride=1):
        super().__init__()
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv3d(inplanes, planes, kernel_size=1, bias=False)
        self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm3d(planes)
        
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv3d(planes, planes, kernel_size=3, stride=stride,
                              padding=1, bias=False)
        self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm3d(planes)
        
        self.conv3 = nn.Conv3d(planes, planes * self.expansion, 
                              kernel_size=1, bias=False)
        self.bn3 = nn.BatchNorm3d(planes * self.expansion)
        
        self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
        self.downsample = None
        if stride != 1 or inplanes != planes * self.expansion:
            self.downsample = nn.Sequential(
                nn.Conv3d(inplanes, planes * self.expansion,
                         kernel_size=1, stride=stride, bias=False),
                nn.BatchNorm3d(planes * self.expansion)
            )
    
    def forward(self, x):
        identity = x
        
        out = self.conv1(x)
        out = self.bn1(out)
        out = self.relu(out)
        
        out = self.conv2(out)
        out = self.bn2(out)
        out = self.relu(out)
        
        out = self.conv3(out)
        out = self.bn3(out)
        
        if self.downsample is not None:
            identity = self.downsample(x)
        
        out += identity
        return self.relu(out)

# 训练流程
def train_model(model, train_loader, val_loader, epochs, lr=1e-3):
    device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
    model = model.to(device)
    
    criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
    optimizer = optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=lr, momentum=0.9, weight_decay=1e-4)
    scheduler = optim.lr_scheduler.ReduceLROnPlateau(optimizer, 'min', patience=3)
    
    best_acc = 0.0
    for epoch in range(epochs):
        model.train()
        running_loss = 0.0
        correct = 0
        total = 0
        
        for inputs, labels in train_loader:
            slow_inputs, fast_inputs = inputs
            slow_inputs = slow_inputs.to(device)
            fast_inputs = fast_inputs.to(device)
            labels = labels.to(device)
            
            optimizer.zero_grad()
            outputs = model((slow_inputs, fast_inputs))
            loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
            loss.backward()
            optimizer.step()
            
            running_loss += loss.item()
            _, predicted = outputs.max(1)
            total += labels.size(0)
            correct += predicted.eq(labels).sum().item()
        
        train_loss = running_loss / len(train_loader)
        train_acc = 100. * correct / total
        
        # 验证阶段
        val_acc, val_loss = evaluate(model, val_loader, criterion, device)
        scheduler.step(val_loss)
        
        print(f"Epoch {epoch+1}/{epochs} - "
              f"Train Loss: {train_loss:.4f}, Acc: {train_acc:.2f}% | "
              f"Val Loss: {val_loss:.4f}, Acc: {val_acc:.2f}%")
        
        if val_acc > best_acc:
            best_acc = val_acc
            torch.save(model.state_dict(), 'best_slowfast.pth')
    
    print(f"Training complete. Best Val Acc: {best_acc:.2f}%")

def evaluate(model, loader, criterion, device):
    model.eval()
    running_loss = 0.0
    correct = 0
    total = 0
    
    with torch.no_grad():
        for inputs, labels in loader:
            slow_inputs, fast_inputs = inputs
            slow_inputs = slow_inputs.to(device)
            fast_inputs = fast_inputs.to(device)
            labels = labels.to(device)
            
            outputs = model((slow_inputs, fast_inputs))
            loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
            
            running_loss += loss.item()
            _, predicted = outputs.max(1)
            total += labels.size(0)
            correct += predicted.eq(labels).sum().item()
    
    return 100. * correct / total, running_loss / len(loader)

# 使用示例
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # 假设已准备好数据集
    train_dataset = VideoDataset(train_video_paths, train_labels)
    val_dataset = VideoDataset(val_video_paths, val_labels)
    
    train_loader = DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_size=8, shuffle=True, num_workers=4)
    val_loader = DataLoader(val_dataset, batch_size=8, shuffle=False, num_workers=4)
    
    model = SlowFast(num_classes=101)  # 假设UCF101的101个类别
    train_model(model, train_loader, val_loader, epochs=50)

6. 经典论文与前沿研究

6.1 奠基性论文

Two-Stream Convolutional Networks for Action Recognition in Videos (2014)
- 作者：Karen Simonyan, Andrew Zisserman
- 贡献：开创性提出双流网络架构
- 下载：[1406.2199] Two-Stream Convolutional Networks for Action Recognition in Videos
Quo Vadis, Action Recognition? A New Model and the Kinetics Dataset (2017)
- 作者：João Carreira, Andrew Zisserman
- 贡献：提出I3D模型和Kinetics数据集
- 下载：[1705.07750] Quo Vadis, Action Recognition? A New Model and the Kinetics Dataset

6.2 关键突破论文

SlowFast Networks for Video Recognition (2019)
- 作者：Christoph Feichtenhofer等
- 贡献：提出SlowFast双路径架构
- 下载：[1812.03982] SlowFast Networks for Video Recognition
Video Swin Transformer (2022)
- 作者：Ze Liu等
- 贡献：将Swin Transformer扩展到视频领域
- 下载：[2106.13230] Video Swin Transformer

6.3 前沿研究方向

Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learners (2021)
- 作者：Kaiming He等
- 创新点：MAE自监督预训练
- 视频应用：[2203.12602] VideoMAE: Masked Autoencoders are Data-Efficient Learners for Self-Supervised Video Pre-Training
UniFormer: Unified Transformer for Efficient Spatiotemporal Representation Learning (2022)
- 作者：Kunchang Li等
- 创新点：统一局部全局关系建模
- 下载：[2201.04676] UniFormer: Unified Transformer for Efficient Spatiotemporal Representation Learning
Language Models are General-Purpose Interfaces (2022)
- 作者：Yuan Gong等
- 创新点：多模态行为理解
- 下载：[2206.06336] Language Models are General-Purpose Interfaces