numpy函数使用笔记

1 numpy.insert

numpy.insert可以有三个参数（arr，obj，values），也可以有4个参数（arr，obj，values，axis）：
第一个参数arr是一个数组，可以是一维的也可以是多维的，在arr的基础上 插入元素
第二个参数obj是元素插入的位置
第三个参数values是需要插入的数值
第四个参数axis是指示在哪一个轴上对应的插入位置进行插入
以下几点说明：
1）axis=0：从行方向插入
axis=1：从列方向插入
2）如果是多维数据，假如a=[N,C,H,W]，N为行方向，C为列方向，每次只能插入一列或者一行，无法插入多行或者多列的数组
3）obj是元素插入位置，可以是多个位置插入，待插入值和values中的值对应
官方相关example

Examples
    --------
    >>> a = np.array([[1, 1], [2, 2], [3, 3]])
    >>> a
    array([[1, 1],
           [2, 2],
           [3, 3]])
    >>> np.insert(a, 1, 5)
    array([1, 5, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3])
    >>> np.insert(a, 1, 5, axis=1)
    array([[1, 5, 1],
           [2, 5, 2],
           [3, 5, 3]])
    
    Difference between sequence and scalars:
    
    >>> np.insert(a, [1], [[1],[2],[3]], axis=1)
    array([[1, 1, 1],
           [2, 2, 2],
           [3, 3, 3]])
    >>> np.array_equal(np.insert(a, 1, [1, 2, 3], axis=1),
    ...                np.insert(a, [1], [[1],[2],[3]], axis=1))
    True
    
    >>> b = a.flatten()
    >>> b
    array([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3])
    >>> np.insert(b, [2, 2], [5, 6])
    array([1, 1, 5, 6, 2, 2, 3, 3])
    
    >>> np.insert(b, slice(2, 4), [5, 6])
    array([1, 1, 5, 2, 6, 2, 3, 3])
    
    >>> np.insert(b, [2, 2], [7.13, False]) # type casting
    array([1, 1, 7, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3])
    
    >>> x = np.arange(8).reshape(2, 4)
    >>> idx = (1, 3)
    >>> np.insert(x, idx, 999, axis=1)
    array([[  0, 999,   1,   2, 999,   3],
           [  4, 999,   5,   6, 999,   7]])

2 numpy.append

numpu.append(arr,values,axis=None)
功能：将values插入到目标arr的最后。
注意：When axis is specified, values must have the correct shape
Parameters
----------
arr : array_like
Values are appended to a copy of this array.
values : array_like
These values are appended to a copy of arr. It must be of the
correct shape (the same shape as arr, excluding axis). If
axis is not specified, values can be any shape and will be
flattened before use.
axis : int, optional
The axis along which values are appended. If axis is not
given, both arr and values are flattened before use.

axis=0：从行方向插入
axis=1：从列方向插入

3 numpy.delete

delete(arr, obj, axis=None)
功能：返回一个删除指定轴后的新的数组
Parameters
----------
arr : array_like
Input array.
obj : slice, int or array of ints
Indicate which sub-arrays to remove.
axis : int, optional
The axis along which to delete the subarray defined by obj.
If axis is None, obj is applied to the flattened array.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> arr = np.array([[1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,8], [9,10,11,12]])
    >>> arr
    array([[ 1,  2,  3,  4],
           [ 5,  6,  7,  8],
           [ 9, 10, 11, 12]])
    >>> np.delete(arr, 1, 0)
    array([[ 1,  2,  3,  4],
           [ 9, 10, 11, 12]])
    
    >>> np.delete(arr, np.s_[::2], 1)
    array([[ 2,  4],
           [ 6,  8],
           [10, 12]])
    >>> np.delete(arr, [1,3,5], None)
    array([ 1,  3,  5,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12])

4.np.where

功能：Help on built-in function where in module numpy.core.multiarray
使用：np.where(condition, [x, y])
Parameters
----------
condition : array_like, bool
When True, yield x, otherwise yield y.
x, y : array_like, optional
Values from which to choose. x, y and condition need to be
broadcastable to some shape.

Returns
-------
out : ndarray or tuple of ndarrays
    If both `x` and `y` are specified, the output array contains
    elements of `x` where `condition` is True, and elements from
    `y` elsewhere.
    If only `condition` is given, return the tuple
    ``condition.nonzero()``, the indices where `condition` is True.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> np.where([[True, False], [True, True]],
    ...          [[1, 2], [3, 4]],
    ...          [[9, 8], [7, 6]])
    array([[1, 8],
           [3, 4]])
    
    >>> np.where([[0, 1], [1, 0]])
    (array([0, 1]), array([1, 0]))
    
    >>> x = np.arange(9.).reshape(3, 3)
    >>> np.where( x > 5 )
    (array([2, 2, 2]), array([0, 1, 2]))
    >>> x[np.where( x > 3.0 )]               # Note: result is 1D.
    array([ 4.,  5.,  6.,  7.,  8.])
    >>> np.where(x < 5, x, -1)               # Note: broadcasting.
    array([[ 0.,  1.,  2.],
           [ 3.,  4., -1.],
           [-1., -1., -1.]])
1) a = array([ 0,  2,  4,  6,  8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18])
np.where(a>6)
(array([4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype=int64),)
return：返回坐标
2）
np.where(a>6,a,10*a)
array([ 0, 20, 40, 60,  8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18])
return：返回a（a>6） + 10*a(a<=6)

5 np.prod

np.prod()函数用来计算所有元素的乘积，对于有多个维度的数组可以指定轴，如axis=1指定计算每一行的乘积
官方定义
prod(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=, initial=)
Return the product of array elements over a given axis.

Examples
-------- 

The product of an empty array is the neutral element 1:
>>> np.prod([])
1.0
>>> np.prod([[1.,2.],[3.,4.]])
24.0   
>>> np.prod([[1.,2.],[3.,4.]], axis=1)
array([  2.,  12.])

>>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.uint8)
>>> np.prod(x).dtype == np.uint
True
>>> np.prod([1, 2], initial=5)
10