IDE & Framework之PyTorch使用记录

PyTorch中的常用操作

序号001

• *** Pytorch的Broadcast,合并与分割,数学运算,属性统计以及高阶操作！_布衣小张-CSDN博客 20191213
• * (Pytorch中功能特强大的函数)Pytorch, einsum is all you needed！ 20230502

torch.randn(4, 3)
torch.randint(5, (2, 2))

tmp_b = torch.empty(tmp_a.size(), device=self.device, dtype=torch.float32).shape
tmp_b = torch.zeros(tmp_a.size(), device=self.device, dtype=torch.float32).shape

torch.squeeze()

torch.cat(), torch.stack()操作时, list里的Tensor应都位于cpu或者cuda上;

.reshape(-1) 或 .reshape(1, -1) 将数组横向平铺, -1所在的那个维度会自动计算shape
.reshape(-1, 1) 将数组纵向平铺, -1所在的那个维度会自动计算shape
[numpy或pandas中reshape(-1)等用法 20190708](https://www.jianshu.com/p/0b6bc5ebf24a)

# mmdet/models/dense_heads/anchor_head.py
if not inside_flags.any():  # hc-y_note:如果inside_flags中没有一个元素为True
	return (None, ) * 7

assert ~torch.isnan(tmp_a).any(), 'some elements of tmp_a is NaN'
assert isinstance(scores, (torch.Tensor, np.ndarray))
assert refine_type in [None, 'conv', 'non_local']

temp_a = dict(loss_rpn_cls=1, loss_rpn_bbox=2)
[_temp for _temp in temp_a.keys() if 'loss' in _temp] 

avg_factor = max(torch.sum(label_weights > 0).float().item(), 1.)

# 1. assign -1 by default
assigned_gt_inds = overlaps.new_full((num_bboxes, ),-1,dtype=torch.long)

If you are trying to invert a mask, use the `~` or `logical_not()` operator instead.

tensor矩阵相乘可用@, tensor矩阵逐个元素相乘可用*;
[关于pytorch中@和*的用处 - 回忆瞬间 - 博客园 20200726](https://www.cnblogs.com/peixu/p/13382962.html)

torchTensor.item()

torchTensor.item(): Returns the value of this tensor as a standard Python number. This only works for tensors with one element.
关于pytorch中.item()的用法_千律的博客-CSDN博客 20200918

A.numel()=a, B.numel()=b, 已知a>b, 从A中随机采样b个元素赋值给B, 方法是对索引0~a-1随机排序后取前b个, 即:

A.numel()=a, B.numel()=b, 已知a>b, 从A中随机采样b个元素赋值给B, 方法是对索引0~a-1随机排序后取前b个, 即:
perm = torch.randperm(A.numel(), device=A.device)[:b]
B = A[perm]

打印输出 list[5Tensor] 中Tensor的shape

mlvl_anchors = [torch.zeros(110592, 4), torch.zeros(27648, 4), torch.zeros(6912, 4), torch.zeros(1728, 4), torch.zeros(432, 4)]

print([mlvl_anchors[i].shape for i in range(len(mlvl_anchors))])
[torch.Size([110592, 4]), torch.Size([27648, 4]), torch.Size([6912, 4]), torch.Size([1728, 4]), torch.Size([432, 4])]

print([mlvl_anchors[i].size(0) for i in range(len(mlvl_anchors))])
[110592, 27648, 6912, 1728, 432]

print(sum([mlvl_anchors[i].size(0) for i in range(len(mlvl_anchors))]))
147312

torch.nonzero(…, as_tuple=False).squeeze(1)的使用

  通常情况下, 直接使用以下这一句代码就行了, 后面无论len(tmp_d_inds)是否为0, torch.cat([tmp_d1_inds, tmp_d2_inds])均不会报错的;
tmp_inds = torch.nonzero(tmp_a < -2, as_tuple=False).squeeze(1)

tmp_a = torch.rand(6)
tmp_b_inds = torch.nonzero(tmp_a < 0.5, as_tuple=False)
tmp_b_inds.shape  # torch.Size([5, 1])
tmp_b_inds.numel()  # 5
tmp_a[tmp_b_inds].shape  # torch.Size([5, 1])
if tmp_b_inds.numel() != 0:
    tmp_b_inds = tmp_b_inds.squeeze(1)
tmp_a[tmp_b_inds].shape  # torch.Size([5])
tmp_c_inds = torch.nonzero(tmp_a < -2, as_tuple=False)
tmp_c_inds.shape  # torch.Size([0, 1])
tmp_a[tmp_c_inds].shape  # torch.Size([0, 1])
tmp_c_inds.numel()  # 0
if tmp_c_inds.numel() != 0:
    tmp_c_inds = tmp_c_inds.squeeze(1)
tmp_a[tmp_c_inds].shape  # torch.Size([0])

torch.cat([tmp_c_inds.squeeze(1), tmp_b_inds.squeeze(1)])
Out[24]: tensor([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

torch.cat([tmp_c_inds, tmp_b_inds.squeeze(1)])
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "D:\OtherProgramFiles\Anaconda3\envs\my_cpu_py3\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshell.py", line 3331, in run_code
    exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
  File "<ipython-input-25-7062907c68bf>", line 1, in <module>
    torch.cat([tmp_c_inds, tmp_b_inds.squeeze(1)])
RuntimeError: Tensors must have same number of dimensions: got 2 and 1

torch.cat([tmp_c_inds, tmp_c_inds.squeeze(1)])
Out[26]: tensor([], size=(0, 1), dtype=torch.int64)

torch.cat([tmp_c_inds, tmp_c_inds])
Out[27]: tensor([], size=(0, 1), dtype=torch.int64)


# 因此通常情况下, 直接使用以下这一句代码就行了, 后面无论
# len(tmp_d_inds)是否为0, torch.cat([tmp_d1_inds, tmp_d2_inds])均不会报错的;
tmp_d_inds = torch.nonzero(tmp_a < -2, as_tuple=False).squeeze(1)

tmp_a = torch.arange(0, 20)
tmp_a
Out[53]: 
tensor([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
        18, 19])

tmp_1_inds = torch.nonzero((tmp_a > 5) & (tmp_a < 9), as_tuple=False).squeeze(1)
tmp_1_inds
Out[77]: tensor([6, 7, 8])
tmp_1_inds.shape
Out[78]: torch.Size([3])

tmp_2_inds = torch.nonzero(tmp_a < -2, as_tuple=False)
if tmp_2_inds.numel() != 0:
    tmp_2_inds = tmp_2_inds.squeeze(1)
tmp_2_inds
Out[79]: tensor([], size=(0, 1), dtype=torch.int64)

torch.cat([tmp_1_inds, tmp_2_inds])
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "E:\OtherProgramFiles\Anaconda3\envs\my_gpu_py3\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshell.py", line 3343, in run_code
    exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
  File "<ipython-input-80-23d09aebcb16>", line 1, in <module>
    torch.cat([tmp_1_inds, tmp_2_inds])
RuntimeError: invalid argument 0: Tensors must have same number of dimensions: got 1 and 2 at C:\Users\builder\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-req-build-e5c8dddg\aten\src\TH/generic/THTensor.cpp:603

tmp_2_inds.shape
Out[81]: torch.Size([0, 1])
tmp_2_inds.numel()
Out[82]: 0
tmp_2_inds.item()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "E:\OtherProgramFiles\Anaconda3\envs\my_gpu_py3\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshell.py", line 3343, in run_code
    exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
  File "<ipython-input-83-debb1cc7c3ef>", line 1, in <module>
    tmp_2_inds.item()
ValueError: only one element tensors can be converted to Python scalars

tmp_2_inds.squeeze(1).shape
Out[84]: torch.Size([0])
tmp_2_inds.squeeze(1).numel()
Out[85]: 0
tmp_2_inds.squeeze(1).item()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "E:\OtherProgramFiles\Anaconda3\envs\my_gpu_py3\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshell.py", line 3343, in run_code
    exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
  File "<ipython-input-86-21520687e0d0>", line 1, in <module>
    tmp_2_inds.squeeze(1).item()
ValueError: only one element tensors can be converted to Python scalars

找出Tensor中的非零元素

20200919记：

import torch
import time


A = torch.tensor([100, 101, 0, 103, 104, 0, 106, 107])

flag_method = True
# flag_method = False
if flag_method:  # 方法一
	time_start = time.time()
	pos_inds_in_A = torch.nonzero(A > 0, as_tuple=False).squeeze(1)
	print('方法一耗时%10.7f sec' % (time.time() - time_start))  # 方法一耗时 0.0009987 sec
else:
	time_start = time.time()
	pos_inds_in_A = torch.where(A > 0)[0]  # 方法二
	print('方法二耗时%10.7f sec' % (time.time() - time_start))  # 方法二耗时 0.0009885 sec

print('pos_inds_in_A的shape:', pos_inds_in_A.shape)
print('pos_inds_in_A的值:', pos_inds_in_A)

import torch
tmp_a = torch.randint(0, 5, (2, 5))
错误写法:tmp_b = torch.nonzero((0 < tmp_a < 2), as_tuple=False)
错误写法:tmp_b = torch.nonzero((tmp_a > 0 & tmp_a < 2), as_tuple=False)
正确写法:tmp_b = torch.nonzero((tmp_a > 0) & (tmp_a < 2), as_tuple=False)

找出Tensor中的非重复元素

torch.unique()
torch.Tensor.unique()

找出Tensor中的非重复元素的出现次数

   torch.unique(*args, **kwargs): Returns the unique elements of the input tensor. 那么, 是否有什么方法可以返回 counts of each unique element 呢?

How to efficiently perform averaging across predefined groups in a tensor - PyTorch Forums 20181012

ptrblck 20181012
You could use scatter_add and a small hack to get the unique counts of your indices:

x = torch.arange(1, 7, dtype=torch.float)
idx = torch.tensor([0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 2])
idx_unique = idx.unique(sorted=True)
idx_unique_count = torch.stack([(idx==idx_u).sum() for idx_u in idx_unique])
res = torch.zeros(len(idx_unique)).scatter_add(0, idx, x)
res /= idx_unique_count.float()

I think it’s time to add a return_counts option to torch.unqiue.

从索引集inds_A中随机选出n个索引构成索引集inds_B

mmdet/core/bbox/samplers/iou_balanced_neg_sampler.py
# 从索引集inds_A中随机选出n个索引构成索引集inds_B
if len(inds_) > n:
	inds_ = self.random_choice(inds_, num_per_gt)


if len(inds_A) > n:
	inds_B = self.random_choice(inds_A, num_per_gt)
else:
	inds_B = inds_A


if inds_A.numel() <= n:
	inds_B = inds_A
else:
	inds_B = self.random_choice(inds_A, num_per_gt)

利用set()得到获取从pos_inds中去除sampled_inds之后的索引

mmdet/core/bbox/samplers/iou_balanced_neg_sampler.py
# 求两个set的交集
floor_neg_inds = list(floor_set & neg_set)

# 利用set()得到获取从pos_inds中去除sampled_inds之后的索引
list(set(pos_inds.cpu().numpy()) - set(sampled_inds.cpu().numpy()))
list(set(pos_inds.cpu()) - set(sampled_inds.cpu()))

tmp_inds = np.array(list(set(np.array(pos_inds.clone().cpu())) & set(np.array(sampled_inds.clone().cpu()))))
tmp_inds = torch.from_numpy(tmp_inds).to(gt_bboxes.device).long()

# 如果某个张量后面在cuda上不需要再次用到, 可以省略.clone()操作
tmp_inds = np.array(list(set(pos_inds.cpu().numpy()) & set(sampled_inds.cpu().numpy())))

torch.topk()和torch.sort()

摘自mmdet/models/dense_heads/v1_rpn_head.py
# sort is faster than topk
# _, topk_inds = scores.topk(cfg.nms_pre)
ranked_scores, rank_inds = scores.sort(descending=True)
topk_inds = rank_inds[:cfg.nms_pre]
scores = ranked_scores[:cfg.nms_pre]

# torch.topk()的使用示例
num_dim0, num_dim1 = (3, 6)
tmp_a = torch.randint(18, (num_dim0, num_dim1))  # torch.Size([num_dim0, num_dim1])
tmp_a
Out[65]: 
tensor([[17, 11, 12,  8, 17,  7],
        [ 0, 10, 14,  6,  8, 10],
        [16,  8, 13, 11,  6,  4]])

topk_values, topk_idxs = tmp_a.topk(2, dim=0, largest=False)  # torch.Size([2, num_dim1]), torch.Size([2, num_dim1])
topk_values
Out[67]: 
tensor([[ 0,  8, 12,  6,  6,  4],
        [16, 10, 13,  8,  8,  7]])
topk_idxs
Out[68]: 
tensor([[1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 2],
        [2, 1, 2, 0, 1, 0]])

tmp_a[topk_idxs[0][0]]  # tensor([17, 11, 12,  8, 17,  7])

tmp_a[topk_idxs, torch.arange(num_dim1)]  # 这种方式取出的才是top2_values, 也即是topk_values
Out[69]: 
tensor([[ 0,  8, 12,  6,  6,  4],
        [16, 10, 13,  8,  8,  7]])
		
tmp_a[topk_idxs, :].shape
Out[71]: torch.Size([2, 6, 6])

torch.cat()和torch.stack()

# 沿着指定的当前dim连接seq中的tensor, 所有的tensor必须有相同的shape或为empty, 其相反的操作为torch.split()和torch.chunk()
torch.cat(seq,dim=0,out=None)

# 沿着新插入的某个指定dim连接seq中的tensor, 所有的tensor必须有相同的shape或为empty
torch.stack(seq, dim=0, out=None)
 
# 注: torch.cat()和torch.stack()的区别在于:
# cat会增加现有维度的值, 可以理解为续接;
# stack会新增加一个维度, 可以理解为叠加;
>>> a=torch.Tensor([1,2,3])
torch.Size([3])
>>> torch.stack((a,a)).size()
torch.Size([2, 3])
>>> torch.cat((a,a)).size()
torch.Size([6])

torch.contiguous()

• pytorch .contiguous().view()_qq_35608277的博客-CSDN博客 20190429
• Pytorch中的contiguous理解_gdymind的博客-CSDN博客 20180912

torch.view(-1)

  注意torch.view(-1)是横向相连的; 对shape为torch.Size([num_dim0, num_dim1])的Tensor执行torch.Tensor.view(-1)操作, 得到的shape是torch.Size([num_dim1*num_dim0]);

# 示例
num_dim0, num_dim1 = (3, 6)
tmp_a = torch.randint(18, (num_dim0, num_dim1))  # torch.Size([num_dim0, num_dim1])
tmp_a
Out[60]: 
tensor([[ 5,  9,  6,  1,  6,  3],
        [15,  9,  7,  7, 14,  2],
        [13, 11, 16,  5,  3, 12]])
tmp_a.view(-1)  # 横向相连的; torch.Size([num_dim1*num_dim0])
Out[59]: tensor([ 5,  9,  6,  1,  6,  3, 15,  9,  7,  7, 14,  2, 13, 11, 16,  5,  3, 12])

tmp_a.view(-1, 1)  # 横向相连的; torch.Size([num_dim1*num_dim0, 1])
Out[59]: 
tensor([[ 5],
        [ 9],
        [ 6],
        [ 1],
        [ 6],
        [ 3],
        [15],
        [ 9],
        [ 7],
        [ 7],
        [14],
        [ 2],
        [13],
        [11],
        [16],
        [ 5],
        [ 3],
        [12]])

tmp_a.view(1, -1)  # 横向相连的; torch.Size([1, num_dim1*num_dim0])
Out[59]: tensor([[ 5,  9,  6,  1,  6,  3, 15,  9,  7,  7, 14,  2, 13, 11, 16,  5,  3, 12]])

tmp_a.transpose(1, 0).contiguous().view(-1)  # 竖向相连的; torch.Size([num_dim0*num_dim1])
Out[58]: tensor([ 5, 15, 13,  9,  9, 11,  6,  7, 16,  1,  7,  5,  6, 14,  3,  3,  2, 12])

tmp_b = tmp_a[0]  # tensor([5, 9, 6, 1, 6, 3])
tmp_b.view(1, -1).expand(num_dim0, num_dim1).contiguous().view(-1)  # torch.Size([num_dim1*num_dim0])
Out[51]: tensor([5, 9, 6, 1, 6, 3, 5, 9, 6, 1, 6, 3, 5, 9, 6, 1, 6, 3])

tmp_a.view(-1).view(num_dim0, -1)
Out[74]: 
tensor([[ 5,  9,  6,  1,  6,  3],
        [15,  9,  7,  7, 14,  2],
        [13, 11, 16,  5,  3, 12]])

• xxx

在这里插入代码片

• xxx

在这里插入代码片

F.interpolate()上采样

   torch.nn.functional.interpolate(input, size=None, scale_factor=None, mode='nearest', align_corners=None, recompute_scale_factor=None)

PyTorch学习笔记(10)——上采样和PixelShuffle_g11d111的博客 20180927

计算二维空间中两个点之间的距离

输入: p1_xy with shape (B,m,2), p2_xy with shape (B,n,2);
输出: dist_p with shape (B,m,n);
以下两种方式均可以:
dist_p = torch.pow(p1_xy[..., :, None, :] - p2_xy[..., None, :, :], 2.).sum(dim=-1)
dist_p_ = torch.cdist(p1_xy, p2_xy, p=2.)**2  # ((dist_p_ - dist_p) > 0.0000001).sum()

• torch.cdist — PyTorch 1.12 documentation
• torch.pow — PyTorch 1.12 documentation
• torch.cdist—求解正则项p-norm_繁华落尽，寻一世真情的博客-CSDN博客 20201220

初上手PyTorch

学习PyTorch，感觉官方的 Tutorials 才是最好的教程。
*** Introduction to PyTorch | Learn OpenCV 20190531
Pytorch 教程系列 | 莫烦Python
深度学习之PyTorch实战（1）——基础学习及搭建环境 - 战争热诚 - 博客园 20181024
本篇博客涵盖以下内容：

• Tensor的数据类型
• Tensor的基本数学运算
• 搭建一个简易神经网络
• 自动梯度torch.autograd
  *** pytorch入坑一 | Tensor及其基本操作_我是天才很好-CSDN博客 20191205
  本篇博客涵盖以下内容：
• Tensor的属性
• Tensor的创建
  • 直接创建
  • 从Numpy生成
  • 创建指定数值的Tensor
  • 创建随机数值的Tensor
• Tensor的操作
  • 基本操作: indexing, joining, clicing, mutation
  • 点对点操作: 三角函数, 加减乘除, 对数运算, 幂函数, 指数函数, 数值截断, 其它
  • 降维操作
  • 对比操作
  • 频谱操作
  • 其它操作
• 其它tips
  [干货] 史上最全的 PyTorch 学习资源汇总 import torch as tf - V2EX 20190507

使用PyTorch时易弄错的地方

张量索引时, 注意tmp_a[:, tmp_b_inds]和tmp_a[torch.arange(len(tmp_b_inds)), tmp_b_inds]之间的不同

  tmp_a.shape = torch.Size([4, 3])
  tmp_b_inds.shape = torch.Size([3])
  tmp_a[:, tmp_b_inds]

  在使用tmp_b_inds索引tmp_a中的元素值时,

• 如果tmp_b_inds的dtype=torch.bool, 则tmp_a[:, tmp_b_inds]和tmp_a[tmp_b_inds, :]属于布尔索引;
• 如果tmp_b_inds的dtype不是torch.bool, 则tmp_a[tmp_b_inds, :]属于常规索引, tmp_a[:, tmp_b_inds]会得不到期望的结果, 应改用tmp_a[torch.arange(4), tmp_b_inds];

张量索引时, 注意核查一下是否会改变原始张量中的元素值

  有时候, 对张量A的索引切片进行操作会改变原始张量A中的元素值; 如果需要利用张量A中的元素值, 同时避免对原始张量A中的元素值作修改, 可以预先新建一个张量B, 然后用原始张量A的索引切片给张量B的索引切片赋值;

• A[int(), :] 索引

# 案例1
tmp_a = torch.arange(0, 15).reshape(3, 5)
tmp_a
Out[5]: 
tensor([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4],
        [ 5,  6,  7,  8,  9],
        [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]])

# 会改变原始张量中的元素值; 此处相当于给tmp_a中的一部分切片取了个别名, 对tmp_b的操作会改变tmp_a中的元素值;
tmp_b = tmp_a[2, :]
tmp_b
Out[7]: tensor([10, 11, 12, 13, 14])
tmp_b[-3:] = 0

tmp_b
Out[9]: tensor([10, 11,  0,  0,  0])
tmp_a
Out[10]: 
tensor([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4],
        [ 5,  6,  7,  8,  9],
        [10, 11,  0,  0,  0]])

• A[torch.arange(1, 3), :] 索引

# 案例2
tmp_a = torch.arange(0, 15).reshape(3, 5)
tmp_a
Out[11]: 
tensor([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4],
        [ 5,  6,  7,  8,  9],
        [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]])

# 不会改变原始张量中的元素值; 此处给tmp_a中的一部分切片创建了个副本, 对tmp_c的操作不会改变tmp_a中的元素值;
tmp_c_inds = torch.arange(1, 3)
tmp_c = tmp_a[:, tmp_c_inds]
tmp_c
Out[14]: 
tensor([[ 1,  2],
        [ 6,  7],
        [11, 12]])
tmp_c[:, 0] = -1

tmp_c
Out[16]: 
tensor([[-1,  2],
        [-1,  7],
        [-1, 12]])
tmp_a
Out[17]: 
tensor([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4],
        [ 5,  6,  7,  8,  9],
        [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]])

• A[torch.nonzero(xxx, as_tuple=False).squeeze(1), :] 索引

tmp_a = torch.arange(0, 20)
tmp_a
Out[53]: 
tensor([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
        18, 19])

# 不会改变原始张量中的元素值; 此处给tmp_a中的一部分切片创建了个副本, 对tmp_d的操作不会改变tmp_a中的元素值;
tmp_d_inds = torch.nonzero((tmp_a > 5) & (tmp_a < 9), as_tuple=False).squeeze(1)
tmp_d_inds
Out[54]: tensor([6, 7, 8])
tmp_d = tmp_a[tmp_d_inds]
tmp_d
Out[57]: tensor([6, 7, 8])

tmp_d[:] = 0
tmp_d
Out[59]: tensor([0, 0, 0])

tmp_a
Out[60]: 
tensor([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
        18, 19])

# 如果需要利用张量tmp_a中的元素值, 同时避免对原始张量tmp_a中的元素值作修改, 可以预先新建一个张量tmp_b, 然后用原始张量tmp_a的索引切片给张量tmp_b的索引切片赋值;
tmp_a = torch.arange(0, 15).reshape(3, 5)
tmp_a
Out[5]: 
tensor([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4],
        [ 5,  6,  7,  8,  9],
        [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]])

tmp_b = tmp_a.new_zeros(tmp_a.shape)
# tmp_c = tmp_a.new_full(tmp_a.shape, -1, dtype=torch.long)

tmp_b[2, :] = tmp_a[2, :]
tmp_b
Out[63]: 
tensor([[ 0,  0,  0,  0,  0],
        [ 0,  0,  0,  0,  0],
        [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]])

张量索引进行左赋值时, 注意只能使用一层索引

20211217记:
  在索引张量进行左赋值时, 切记只能使用一层索引, 使用多层索引不改变张量的值; 例如,

tmp_a[sub_splice1][ssub_splice2] = 0.  # 此时tmp_a的值不会发生改变
tmp_a[sub_splice3[ssub_splice4]] = 1.  # 此时tmp_a的值会发生改变

非空张量才可执行torch.max()操作

  在执行torch.Tensor.max()操作之前得先判断一下该tensor是否为空, 否则会报错;

tmp_a = torch.tensor([])
max_tmp_a, argmax_tmp_a = tmp_a.max(dim=0)
RuntimeError: cannot perform reduction function max on tensor with no elements because the operation does not have an identity

# 判断Tensor是否为空
if tmp_a.numel():  # max(tmp_a.size()) != 0
	print("this tensor is not empty")
else:
	print("this tensor is empty")

什么情况下Tensor的shape会是torch.Size([])呢?

Zero-dimensional tensor concatenation problem · Issue #69
  当某个Tensor只有1个维度时，该张量的单个切片值的shape是torch.Size([])；示例，如下：

tmp_a = torch.randint(0, 10, (5,))
tmp_b = tmp_a[3]

>>> tmp_b.shape
Out[7]: torch.Size([])

>>> tmp_b
Out[13]: tensor(2)

>>> torch.tensor([2]).shape
Out[14]: torch.Size([1])

>>> (2.).shape
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/lib/python3.8/site-packages/IPython/core/interactiveshell.py", line 3343, in run_code
    exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
  File "<ipython-input-17-ee5b9fde90c4>", line 1, in <module>
    (2.).shape
AttributeError: 'float' object has no attribute 'shape'

  当某个Tensor的shape是torch.Size([])时, 它是不能与其它Tensor被concatenate到一起的；示例，如下：

torch.cat((tmp_a, tmp_a, tmp_b))
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/lib/python3.8/site-packages/IPython/core/interactiveshell.py", line 3343, in run_code
    exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
  File "<ipython-input-19-3eaec3a9fef0>", line 1, in <module>
    torch.cat((tmp_a, tmp_a, tmp_b))
RuntimeError: zero-dimensional tensor (at position 2) cannot be concatenated

报错IndexError: too many indices for tensor of dimension 0

20201207记：
  导致IndexError: too many indices for tensor of dimension 0错误的情形有：

• 对于tmp_sub_a_1[mask_sub_a_2]，当tmp_sub_a_1.shape为torch.Size([]), 而mask_sub_a_2.shape为torch.Size([1])时，就会报该错误；为此，一种解决途径是：

tmp_a = torch.randint(0, 10, (5,))
mask_a = tmp_a > threshold_1
inds_a = mask_a.nonzero().squeeze()
tmp_sub_a_1 = tmp_a[0]
mask_sub_a_2 = tmp_a[mask_a] > threshold_2
if tmp_sub_a_1.shape == torch.Size([]):  # 一种很少见的报错
	tmp_sub_a_1= torch.tensor([tmp_sub_a_1])

tmp_b = tmp_sub_a_1[mask_sub_a_2]

tmp_a = torch.randint(0, 10, (5,))
mask_a = tmp_a == tmp_a[0]
inds_a = mask_a.nonzero().squeeze()
tmp_sub_a_1 = tmp_a[0]

tmp_sub_a_1.shape
Out[1]: torch.Size([])

# 特别注意一下：mask_sub_a_2值 与 mask_sub_a_1, mask_sub_a_3值 的不同
mask_sub_a_1 = tmp_sub_a_1 == tmp_a[0]
# 建议使用tmp_a[inds_a] > thr 而不是tmp_a[mask_a] > thr, 以免报错IndexError: too many indices for tensor of dimension 0
mask_sub_a_2 = tmp_a[mask_a] == tmp_a[0]  # 可见mask_sub_a_2.shape始终不会为torch.Size([])的
mask_sub_a_3 = tmp_a[inds_a] == tmp_a[0]

mask_sub_a_1.shape
Out[2]: torch.Size([])
mask_sub_a_2.shape
Out[3]: torch.Size([1])
mask_sub_a_3.shape
Out[4]: torch.Size([])

mask_sub_a_1
Out[5]: tensor(True)
mask_sub_a_2
Out[6]: tensor([True])
mask_sub_a_3
Out[7]: tensor(True)


tmp_sub_a_1[mask_sub_a_1]  # 可索引出期望值
Out[8]: tensor([5])
tmp_sub_a_1[mask_sub_a_2]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/python3.8/site-packages/IPython/core/interactiveshell.py", line 3343, in run_code
    exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
  File "<ipython-input-39-ca3a2991ad33>", line 1, in <module>
    tmp_b[tmp_d]
IndexError: too many indices for tensor of dimension 0
tmp_sub_a_1[mask_sub_a_3]  # 可索引出期望值
Out[9]: tensor([5])

torch.tensor([tmp_sub_a_1])[mask_sub_a_1]
Out[10]: tensor([[5]])
torch.tensor([tmp_sub_a_1])[mask_sub_a_2]  # 可索引出期望值
Out[11]: tensor([5])
torch.tensor([tmp_sub_a_1])[mask_sub_a_3]
Out[10]: tensor([[5]])

torch.Tensor的数据类型

torch.Tensor — PyTorch 1.6.0 documentation

值类型(value type)与引用类型(reference type)

  C#语言中，通用类型系统(CTS)定义了如何在运行库中声明、使用和管理类型；可划分为两大类：

• 值类型(value type):

  • 简单类型(simple type)
  • 枚举类型(enum type)
  • 结构类型(struct type)
  • 值为null的类型(nullable type)

• 引用类型(reference type)

  • 类类型(class type)
  • 接口类型(interface type)
  • 数组类型(array type)
  • 委托类型(delegate type)

  值类型(value type)的变量在堆栈(stack)中直接包含其数据，每个变量都有自己的数据副本(除ref和out参数变量外)，因此对一个变量的操作不影响另一个变量；
  C#的值类型分为简单类型(simple type)、枚举类型(enum type)、结构类型(struct type)、值为null的类型(nullable type)；

  引用类型(reference type)的变量在堆栈(stack)中存储对数据(对象)的引用(地址)，数据(对象)存储在托管运行环境管理的堆(Heap)中。对于引用类型，两个变量可能引用同一个对象，因此对一个变量的操作可能影响另一个变量所引用的对象；
  C#的引用类型分为类类型(class type)、接口类型(interface type)、数组类型(array type)、委托类型(delegate type)；

20200826值类型与引用类型的分类.jpg 20200826值类型与引用类型的区别示例.jpg 20200826值类型与引用类型的区别.jpg

第2章_数据类型变量与常量共37页文档 20191110

单精度(float)与双精度(double)

• 浮点型数据类型简介
    浮点型简单来说就是表示带有小数的数据类型，而恰恰小数点可以在相应的二进制的不同位置浮动，可能是这样就被定义成浮点型了。浮点型主要有：单精度float、双精度double；

• 单精度与双精度之间的区别
    在IEEE754标准中，单精度(float)在32位机器上用4个字节来存储的；而双精度(double)是用8个字节来存储的，这是他们最本质的区别。由于存储位不同，他们能表示的数值的范围就不同，也就是能准确表示的数的位数就不同。
    单精度浮点数在机内占4个字节、有效数字8位、表示范围：-3.40E+38 ~ +3.40E+38；
    双精度浮点数在机内占8个字节、有效数字16位、表示范围：-1.79E+308 ~ +1.79E+308；
    浮点数在计算机中存储方式：
  
  Floating Point Representation - Basics - GeeksforGeeks

• 写代码时什么时候用单精度浮点型，什么时候用双精度浮点型？
  分具体情况而言，一般为了节省空间用单精度float就行（也可以用double，不过占用空间大）；

  • 如果只有整数的情况，就用整型；
  • 可能有小数，但是位数不多或者对保留的小数位数要求不高，就用单精度；
  • 小数位数比较多或者对精度要求较高（6位以上），用双精度；
  • 如果可能有非数字类型的，就用字符型；
    写代码时什么时候用单精度浮点型什么时候用双精度浮点型？_慕课猿问20160813

torch.Tensor的数据类型转换

  Pytorch的数据类型为各式各样的Tensor，Tensor可以理解为高维矩阵。与Numpy中的Array类似。Pytorch中的Tensor又包括CPU上的数据类型和GPU上的数据类型，一般GPU上的Tensor是CPU上的Tensor加cuda()函数得到。通过使用type()函数可以查看变量类型。一般默认采用torch.FloatTensor类型。例如data = torch.Tensor(2,3)是一个2*3的张量，类型为torch.FloatTensor；data.cuda()就转换为GPU上的张量类型，torch.cuda.FloatTensor类型。

(1) 数据类型转换

• 使用诸如self.float()的方法: self.int(), self.long(), self.float(), self.double()等;self.float() is equivalent to self.to(torch.float32);
• 使用诸如self.to(torch.float)的方法: self.to(torch.int), self.to(torch.long), self.to(torch.float), self.to(torch.double)等;
• 使用self.type(torch.float)方法；

tensor_1.type_as(tensor_2) is equivalent to tensor_1.type(tensor_2.type());

Pytorch变量类型转换_zchenack个人专栏-CSDN博客 20180124

(2) CPU/GPU转换

• self.cpu();
• self.cuda()或者cuda0 = torch.device(‘cuda:0’) \n self.to(cuda0)

[Pytorch学习]在GPU上训练_crabstew的博客-CSDN博客20190403

(3) tensor/np.adarray转换

• np.adarray to tensor
  import numpy as np
  a = np.ones(5)
  b = torch.from_numpy(a)
• tensor to np.adarray
  self.numpy(); 注意，转换后的tensor与np.adarray指向同一地址，所以改变一方的值，另一方的值也随之改变；
• 将GPU上的Tensor存储为np.adarray; 因为numpy()不能直接读取cuda上存储的Tensor；
  self.data.cpu().numpy()
• 注意检索官方文档区分torch.from_numpy()和torch.as_tensor()
  torch.from_numpy(ndarray) → Tensor
  torch.as_tensor(data, dtype=None, device=None) → Tensor
  torch.as_tensor()_Wanderer001的博客-CSDN博客 20200320

(待阅读) pytorch中把Tensor保存到可读文件的艰辛历程 20181005
(待阅读) Save a tensor to file - PyTorch Forums 20200219
(待阅读) What is the recommended format to save data in pytorch? - PyTorch Forums 20200714

搭建子网络

Most machine learning workflows involve

• working with data,
• creating models,
• optimizing model parameters,
• saving the trained models,
• loading the saved models;

A collection of various deep learning architectures, models, and tips

• GitHub - yunjey/pytorch-tutorial: PyTorch Tutorial for Deep Learning Researchers 20200706
• GitHub - rasbt/deeplearning-models: A collection of various deep learning architectures, models, and tips

PyTorch打印输出网络结构

• pytorch输出网络结构各层 & _modules.items()/model.modules()/model.children()_hxxjxw的博客-CSDN博客 20200801

model.trian()与model.eval()

model.trian()及model.eval() - Parallax - 博客园 20200703

区分理解BatchNorm，LayerNorm， InstanceNorm和GroupNorm

• *** pytorch常用normalization函数 - 慢行厚积 - 博客园 20190521
• BatchNorm、LayerNorm、InstanceNorm、GroupNorm区别_页页读-CSDN博客 20200831
• 通过代码理解BatchNorm，LayerNorm， InstanceNorm和GroupNorm归一化方式。_哔哩哔哩_bilibili 20210731
• PyTorch学习之归一化层（BatchNorm、LayerNorm、InstanceNorm、GroupNorm）_mingo_敏-CSDN博客 20181218
• Batch Norm 与 Group Norm_NEUXia的博客-CSDN博客 20190316

BatchNorm2d 的 affine, track_running_stats 参数

• .train()状态时, BatchNorm2d 的 track_running_stats=True时, running_mean 和 running_var 会跟踪整个训练过程中所有 mini-batch 的统计特性, 而不只是仅仅依赖于当前 mini-batch 的统计特性;

• .eval()状态时, BatchNorm2d 的 track_running_stats=True时, running_mean 和 running_var 使用的则是训练时得到的统计特性值, 该值在.eval()状态下是不会变化的;

• xxx

• .train()状态时, BatchNorm2d 的 track_running_stats=False时, running_mean 和 running_var 仅仅依赖于当前 mini-batch 的统计特性; 此时如果batch_size 比较小, 那么其统计特性就会和全局统计特性有着较大偏差, 可能导致糟糕的效果;

• .eval()状态时, BatchNorm2d 的 track_running_stats=False时, running_mean 和 running_var 仅仅依赖于当前 mini-batch 的统计特性; 此时如果batch_size 比较小, 那么其统计特性就会和全局统计特性有着较大偏差, 可能导致糟糕的效果;

• xxx

• BatchNorm2d 的 track_running_stats=False时, 加载同一个已经训练好的模型在同一个测试集上进行模型评估, 每次模型评估的结果会都不一样(因为数据是先经过 shuffle 后再组成 mini-batch 的, 当前 mini-batch 的统计特性会发生变化); track_running_stats=True时, 每次模型评估的结果则都一样;

• *** BatchNorm2d原理、作用及其pytorch中BatchNorm2d函数的参数讲解_LS_learner的博客-CSDN博客 20200816

• running_mean和running_var_Ken的博客-CSDN博客 20200813

• BatchNorm2d — PyTorch 1.10.1 documentation

  • $\gamma$ and $\beta$ are learnable parameter vectors of size $C$;
  • $E[x]$ and $Var[x]$ are the computed mean running_mean and variance running_var of this layer; 在训练时, 这两个参数 are calculated per-dimension over the mini-batches;
  • affine – a boolean value that when set to True, this module has learnable affine parameters ($\gamma$ and $\beta$). Default: True.

• ** Why are BatchNorm layers set to trainable in a frozen model - Part 1 (2019) - Deep Learning Course Forums

激活函数

• PyTorch之nn.ReLU与F.ReLU的区别_鹊踏枝-码农的专栏-CSDN博客 20190122
• 23种激活函数_梦的灰色边沿…-CSDN博客 20191107
• 激活函数(sigmoid、tanh、ReLU、softmax)_sigmoid函数图像_CityD的博客-CSDN博客 20220407

PyTorch中的梯度计算, backward, requires_grad属性, zero_grad(),

pytorch的梯度计算以及backward方法_步步拾遗-CSDN博客 20190321
深入Pytorch中的Tensor，梯度以及权重_NeilPy的博客-CSDN博客 20190808
** 机器学习9:关于pytorch中的zero_grad（）函数_小娜美要努力努力的博客-CSDN博客 20191121
*** argmax为什么不能求导，然而最大池化却可以求导？ - gongel的回答 - 知乎 20200628

PyTorch中的计算图, retain_graph

**** Pytorch: detach 和 retain_graph,和 GAN的原理解析_qxqsunshine的博客-CSDN博客 20181008
Pytorch 中retain_graph的用法_happyday_d的博客-CSDN博客 20190101

PyTorch 可视化

How to use TensorBoard with PyTorch

• torch.utils.tensorboard — PyTorch 1.10.1 documentation
• Visualizing Models, Data, and Training with TensorBoard — PyTorch Tutorials 1.10.1+cu102 documentation
• PyTorch TensorBoard Support — PyTorch Tutorials 1.10.1+cu102 documentation
• How to use TensorBoard with PyTorch — PyTorch Tutorials 1.10.1+cu102 documentation
• [PyTorch]Tensorboard可视化实现 | 大海 20211121

PyTorch 自带的可视化工具

• Utils — Torchvision main documentation

Feature extraction for model inspection

• Feature extraction for model inspection — Torchvision main documentation

PyTorch模型训练

• ** PyTorch显存机制分析 - Connolly的文章 - 知乎 20211105

PyTorch提升数据加载速度

• pytorch dataloader数据加载占用了大部分时间，各位大佬都是怎么解决的？ - 知乎
• 优化pytorch DataLoader提升数据加载速度 - 简书 20210618

PyTorch 创建 data.DataLoader 时, 参数 pin_memory 的理解

• pytorch创建data.DataLoader时，参数pin_memory的理解_敲代码的小风-CSDN博客 20201216
• torch的dataloader中的‘pin_memory’指的是什么 · 大专栏 20191227

梯度下降

寻找同样的学习率SGD收敛，但Adam不收敛的问题 - 简书 20201229
本篇博客涵盖以下内容：SGD, Adagrad, Nesterov, RMSPropAdam;

PyTorch DDP模式单机多卡训练

PyTorch DDP模式单机多卡训练 - 简书 20200914

the method tensor.new() in Pytorch

  the method tensor.new() in Pytorch的作用：
  for example, x.data.new(x.size()) will create a tensor of same type and same size on the same device as x.

nonempty = torch.FloatTensor([[0, 0, 10, 9],])
empty = torch.FloatTensor([])
rows,cols=1,1  # 0,1
nonempty.new(rows,cols).shape

Pytorch_2020081716_tensor.new().jpg

# gpu到cpu的例子; compute overlap and assign gt on CPU when number of GT is large
if assign_on_cpu:
	device = bboxes.device
	bboxes = bboxes.cpu()
	gt_bboxes = gt_bboxes.cpu()

Pytorch beginner : tensor.new method - Stack Overflow

torch.Tensor.scatter_用法理解

torch.Tensor.scatter_(dim, index, src) → Tensor

torch.Tensor — PyTorch master documentation

incase value (float) is not specified, 即利用src张量中的元素来scatter

  为避免混淆，这里用scatter_(param_dim, param_index, src) → Tensor表示scatter_(dim, index, src) → Tensor；
  Writes all values from the tensor src into self at the indices specified in the param_index tensor. For each value in src, its output index is specified by its index in src for dimension != param_dim and by the corresponding value in param_index for dimension = param_dim.

  如果用self[a][b][c]表示self中的元素，则self的index指的是 位于dimension=0维度上的[a]、位于dimension=1维度上的[b]、位于dimension=2维度上的[c]；

# For a 3-D tensor, self is updated as:
self[index[i][j][k]][j][k] = src[i][j][k]  # if dim == 0
self[i][index[i][j][k]][k] = src[i][j][k]  # if dim == 1
self[i][j][index[i][j][k]] = src[i][j][k]  # if dim == 2

  在上述示例中，等号左边表示的是each value in src的output index (也即是self的index)，等号右边表示的是each value in src其本身的index；
  从右边往左边看，src[i][j][k]表示的是a value in src，
  if dim == 0, 则由于

• 右边 src的[i] 位于dimension=0维度上，该维度==0，故the output index is specified by the corresponding value in param_index，即由param_index[i][j][k]指定; the corresponding value的含义是src[i][j][k]位于src中哪个位置，就取param_index中哪个位置的值；因此the size of param_index应该与the size of src一致；
• 右边 src的[j] 位于dimension=1维度上，该维度!==0，故the output index is specified by its index in src;
• 右边 src的[k] 位于dimension=2维度上，该维度!==0，故the output index is specified by its index in src;

  因此，self[index[i][j][k]][j][k] = src[i][j][k]。

# Example:
>>> x = torch.rand(2, 5)
>>> x
tensor([[ 0.3992,  0.2908,  0.9044,  0.4850,  0.6004],
        [ 0.5735,  0.9006,  0.6797,  0.4152,  0.1732]])
>>> y1 = torch.zeros(3, 5).scatter_(0, torch.tensor([[0, 1, 2, 0, 0], [2, 0, 0, 1, 2]]), x)
>>> y1
tensor([[ 0.3992,  0.9006,  0.6797,  0.4850,  0.6004],
        [ 0.0000,  0.2908,  0.0000,  0.4152,  0.0000],
        [ 0.5735,  0.0000,  0.9044,  0.0000,  0.1732]])
>>> y2 = torch.zeros(3, 5).scatter_(0, torch.tensor([[0, 1, 2, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1, 2]]), x)
>>> y2
tensor([[ 0.5735,  0.9006,  0.6797,  0.4850,  0.6004],
        [ 0.0000,  0.2908,  0.0000,  0.4152,  0.0000],
        [ 0.0000,  0.0000,  0.9044,  0.0000,  0.1732]])

  此例中self是y1，y1 is a 2-D tensor，由于param_dim=0，故self[param_index[i][j]][j] = src[i][j]，因而有：
  00 11 22 03 04
  20 01 02 13 24

• 由于param_index[0][0]=0，故将x[0][0]=0.3992写入y1[param_index[0][0]][0]中，即写入y1[0][0]中；
• 由于param_index[0][1]=1，故将x[0][1]=0.2908写入y1[param_index[0][1]][1]中，即写入y1[1][1]中；
• 由于param_index[0][2]=2，故将x[0][2]=0.9044写入y1[param_index[0][2]][2]中，即写入y1[2][2]中；
• 依次类推…param_index[0][3], param_index[0][4],
• 由于param_index[1][0]=2，故将x[1][0]=0.5735写入y1[param_index[1][0]][0]中，即写入y1[2][0]中；注意到：当param_index[i][0]和param_index[i][1]相同时，会发生覆盖写入，例如y2[0][0]与y2[1][0]都是取0值，则x[1][0]=0.5735会覆盖掉x[0][0]=0.3992对y2[0][0]的写入。
• 依次类推…param_index[3][0], param_index[4][0], …

incase src (Tensor) is not specified, 即利用value标量来scatter

# Example:
>>> y1 = torch.zeros(3, 5).scatter_(0, torch.tensor([[0, 1, 2, 0, 0], [2, 0, 0, 1, 2]]), 6)
>>> y1
tensor([[6., 6., 6., 6., 6.],
        [0., 6., 0., 6., 0.],
        [6., 0., 6., 0., 6.]])

  此例中self是y1，y1 is a 2-D tensor，由于param_dim=0，故self[param_index[i][j]][j] = value，因而有：
  00 11 22 03 04
  20 01 02 13 24

• 由于param_index[0][0]=0，故将 6 写入y1[param_index[0][0]][0]中，即写入y1[0][0]中；
• 由于param_index[0][1]=1，故将 6 写入y1[param_index[0][1]][1]中，即写入y1[1][1]中；
• 由于param_index[0][2]=2，故将 6 写入y1[param_index[0][2]][2]中，即写入y1[2][2]中；
• 依次类推…param_index[0][3], param_index[0][4],
• 由于param_index[1][0]=2，故将 6 写入y1[param_index[1][0]][0]中，即写入y1[2][0]中；注意到：当param_index[i][0]和param_index[i][1]相同时，同样会发生覆盖写入。
• 依次类推…param_index[3][0], param_index[4][0], …

# Example:
>>> z = torch.zeros(2, 4).scatter_(1, torch.tensor([[2], [3]]), 1.23)
>>> z
tensor([[ 0.0000,  0.0000,  1.2300,  0.0000],
        [ 0.0000,  0.0000,  0.0000,  1.2300]])

  此例中self是z，z is a 2-D tensor，由于param_dim=1，故self[i][param_index[i][j]] = value，因而有：
  00
  10

• 由于param_index[0][0]=2，故将 1.23 写入z[0][param_index[0][0]]中，即写入z[0][2]中；
• 由于param_index[1][0]=3，故将 1.23 写入z[1][param_index[0][1]]中，即写入z[1][3]中；

torch.Tensor.scatter_() 一般可以用来对标签进行one-hot 编码，

  这属于典型的利用标量来修改张量的例子。

# Example:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> index_a = np.array(3).astype('int64')
>>> print("index_a的shape:", index_a.shape, "\n", index_a)  # ()   3
>>> index_a = index_a[np.newaxis, np.newaxis]
>>> print("index_a的shape:", index_a.shape, "\n", index_a)  # (1,1)   [[3]]
>>> index_a = torch.from_numpy(index_a)  # torch.Size([1, 1]), index_a中只有1个元素，用index_a[0][0]索引
# torch.zeros(1, 10).shape为torch.Size([1, 10])
# 由于param_index[0][0]=3，故将 1 写入one_hot[0][param_index[0][0]]中，即写入one_hot[0][3]中；
>>> one_hot = torch.zeros(1, 10).scatter_(1, index_a, 1)  # self[0][index[0][0]] = 1
>>> print("one_hot的shape:", one_hot.shape, "\n", one_hot)
one_hot的shape: torch.Size([1, 10]) 
 tensor([[0., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]])


# Example:
>>> import torch
>>> class_num = 10
>>> batch_size = 4
>>> label = torch.tensor([[6], [0], [3], [2]])  # class_num
>>> print("label的shape:", label.shape, "\n", label)
label的shape: torch.Size([4, 1]) 
 tensor([[6],
        [0],
        [3],
        [2]])
>>> one_hot = torch.zeros(batch_size, class_num).scatter_(1, label, 1)
>>> print("one_hot的shape:", one_hot.shape, "\n", one_hot)  # 沿着dimension=1看，每行可看作是一个one-hot编码
one_hot的shape: torch.Size([4, 10]) 
 tensor([[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0.],
        [1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]])

(待阅读)PyTorch笔记之 scatter() 函数 - 那少年和狗20191127

(待阅读)pytorch中torch.Tensor.scatter用法_qq_39004117的博客 20190716

(待阅读)Pytorch笔记 scatter_ - listenviolet 20190525

torch.gather

torch — PyTorch master documentation

torch.gather(input, param_dim, param_index, out=None, sparse_grad=False) → Tensor
  Gathers values along an axis specified by param_dim.

# For a 3-D tensor the output is specified by:
out[i][j][k] = input[index[i][j][k]][j][k]  # if dim == 0
out[i][j][k] = input[i][index[i][j][k]][k]  # if dim == 1
out[i][j][k] = input[i][j][index[i][j][k]]  # if dim == 2

  在上述示例中，从左边往右边看。

# Example:
>>> input = torch.tensor([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
>>> output = torch.gather(input, 1, torch.tensor([[0,0],[2,0]]))
>>> output
tensor([[ 1,  1],
        [ 6,  4]])

>>> output = torch.gather(input, 1, torch.tensor([[0,0],[3,0]]))  # input.size(1) - 1 = 2, 3超出了范围
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "D:\***\Anaconda3\envs\my_cpu_py3\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshell.py", line 3326, in run_code
    exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
  File "<ipython-input-19-f8c13e5b33f8>", line 1, in <module>
    output = torch.gather(input, 1, torch.tensor([[0,0],[3,0]]))
RuntimeError: Invalid index in gather at C:\w\1\s\tmp_conda_3.7_160731\conda\conda-bld\pytorch_1570810122324\work\aten\src\TH/generic/THTensorEvenMoreMath.cpp:657

  此例中param_index is a 2-D tensor，故output2也是a 2-D tensor，由于param_dim=1，故out[i][j] = input[i][param_index[i][j]]，因而有：

• 对于output[0][0]，由于param_index[0][0]=0，故output[0][0]取input[0][0]=1；
• 对于output[0][1]，由于param_index[0][1]=0，故output[0][1]取input[0][0]=1；
• 对于output[1][0]，由于param_index[1][0]=2，故output[1][0]取input[1][2]=6；
• 对于output[1][1]，由于param_index[1][1]=0，故output[1][1]取input[1][0]=4；

  Moreover, as for gather(), the values of param_index must be between 0 and self.size(param_dim) - 1 inclusive, and all values in a row along the specified dimension param_dim must be unique.
  在上例中，param_index中的值必须位于0到input.size(1) - 1范围之内，否则会报错，后半句"all values in a row along the specified dimension param_dim must be unique"暂时没明白是什么意思。

保持Tensor的索引对齐(或者说索引一致性)

  若需要将cls_scores转换成shape为torch.Size([2, 121515])的concat_cls_scores, 可以通过以下方法:

mmdet/models/dense_heads/anchor_head.py
def loss():
	cls_scores的shape: list[5Tensor], 5Tensor的shape分别为:
	torch.Size([2, 3, 200, 152])
	torch.Size([2, 3, 100, 76])
	torch.Size([2, 3, 50, 38])
	torch.Size([2, 3, 25, 19])
	torch.Size([2, 3, 13, 10])
	
	若需要将cls_scores转换成shape为torch.Size([2, 121515])的concat_cls_scores, 可以通过以下方法:
	concat_cls_scores = torch.cat(
                [cls_score.permute(0, 2, 3, 1).reshape(2, -1) for cls_score in cls_scores], 1)
	注: 由于从anchor_list到concat_anchor_list时沿dim=0方向.cat: 91200+22800+5700+1425+390=121515, 故这里是先操作.reshape()再操作.cat()；
	
	torch.Size([2, 200, 152, 3])
	torch.Size([2, 100, 76, 3])
	torch.Size([2, 50, 38, 3])
	torch.Size([2, 25, 19, 3])
	torch.Size([2, 13, 10, 3])
	
	torch.Size([2, 91200]) 
	torch.Size([2, 22800])
	torch.Size([2, 5700])
	torch.Size([2, 1425])
	torch.Size([2, 390])
	
	torch.Size([2, 121515])

202009031119保持Tensor的索引对齐索引一致性.jpg 202009031132保持Tensor的索引对齐索引一致性.jpg

mmdet/core/anchor/utils.py
def images_to_levels(target, num_levels):
    """Convert targets by image to targets by feature level.

    [target_img0, target_img1] -> [target_level0, target_level1, ...]
    """  
    target = torch.stack(target, 0)
    level_targets = []
    start = 0
    for n in num_levels:
        end = start + n
        # level_targets.append(target[:, start:end].squeeze(0))
        level_targets.append(target[:, start:end])
        start = end
    return level_targets


mmdet/models/dense_heads/anchor_head.py
def loss():
	concat_anchor_list = []
	for i in range(len(anchor_list)):
		concat_anchor_list.append(torch.cat(anchor_list[i]))
	all_anchor_list = images_to_levels(concat_anchor_list, num_level_anchors)

	losses_cls, losses_bbox = multi_apply(
		self.loss_single,
		cls_scores, bbox_preds,
		all_anchor_list,
		labels_list, label_weights_list,
		bbox_targets_list, bbox_weights_list,
		num_total_samples=num_total_samples)	

	anchor_list的shape: list[2list[5Tensor]], 5Tensor的shape分别为:
	torch.Size([91200, 4])  # 在[N, 4]中, N = height * width * num_base_anchors;
	torch.Size([22800, 4])
	torch.Size([5700, 4])
	torch.Size([1425, 4])
	torch.Size([390, 4])

	concat_anchor_list的shape: list[2Tensor], 2Tensor的shape分别为:
	torch.Size([121515, 4])
	torch.Size([121515, 4])

	all_anchor_list的shape: list[5Tensor], 5Tensor的shape分别为:
	torch.Size([2, 91200, 4])  # 在[2, N, 4]中, N = height * width * num_base_anchors;
	torch.Size([2, 22800, 4])
	torch.Size([2, 5700, 4])
	torch.Size([2, 1425, 4])
	torch.Size([2, 390, 4])
	
	cls_scores的shape: list[5Tensor], 5Tensor的shape分别为:
	torch.Size([2, 3, 200, 152])
	torch.Size([2, 3, 100, 76])
	torch.Size([2, 3, 50, 38])
	torch.Size([2, 3, 25, 19])
	torch.Size([2, 3, 13, 10])
	
	bbox_preds的shape: list[5Tensor], 5Tensor的shape分别为:
	torch.Size([2, 12, 200, 152])
	torch.Size([2, 12, 100, 76])
	torch.Size([2, 12, 50, 38])
	torch.Size([2, 12, 25, 19])
	torch.Size([2, 12, 13, 10])


mmdet/models/dense_heads/anchor_head.py
def loss_single(self, cls_score, bbox_pred, anchors, labels, label_weights,
                    bbox_targets, bbox_weights, num_total_samples):
	cls_score = cls_score.permute(0, 2, 3, 1).reshape(-1, self.cls_out_channels)
	bbox_pred = bbox_pred.permute(0, 2, 3, 1).reshape(-1, 4)
	
	anchors的shape: 1Tensor
	torch.Size([2, 91200, 4])  # 在[2, N, 4]中, N = height * width * num_base_anchors;
	
	cls_score的shape: 1Tensor
	torch.Size([2, 3, 200, 152]) --> torch.Size([2, 200, 152, 3]) --> torch.Size([182400, 1])
	
	bbox_pred的shape: 1Tensor
	torch.Size([2, 12, 200, 152]) --> torch.Size([2, 200, 152, 12]) --> torch.Size([182400, 4])
	 # 在[N, 4]中, N = num_img * height * width * num_base_anchors;

在共有的前提条件inds_B_in_A下, 由inds_C_in_B求inds_C_in_A 和 由inds_C_in_A求inds_C_in_B

  在共有的前提条件inds_B_in_A下, "已知inds_C_in_B, 求inds_C_in_A ?“和"已知inds_C_in_A, 求inds_C_in_B ?”;

• 共有的前提条件如下：

共有的前提条件如下：
import torch
import time


A = torch.tensor([100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107])  # 则inds_A_in_A = torch.tensor([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
flags_B_in_A = torch.tensor([False, True, False, True, False, True, False, True])
B = A[flags_B_in_A]  # tensor([101, 103, 105, 107])
inds_B_in_A = torch.where(flags_B_in_A == True)[0]  # tensor([1, 3, 5, 7])
print('(B == A[inds_B_in_A]).all()的值:', (B == A[inds_B_in_A]).all())

• 例子一：已知inds_C_in_B, 求inds_C_in_A ?

例子一：已知inds_C_in_B, 求inds_C_in_A ?
inds_C_in_B = torch.tensor([2, 0])
C = B[inds_C_in_B]  # tensor([105, 101])

inds_C_in_A = torch.where(flags_B_in_A == True)[0][inds_C_in_B]
print('(C == A[inds_C_in_A]).all()的值:', (C == A[inds_C_in_A]).all())

• 例子二：已知inds_C_in_A, 求inds_C_in_B ?

例子二：已知inds_C_in_A, 求inds_C_in_B ?
inds_C_in_A = torch.tensor([5, 1])
C = A[inds_C_in_A]  # tensor([105, 101])

方法一：利用torch.where()找出ind_C_in_A在inds_B_in_A中的索引;
time_start = time.time()
inds_C_in_B = []
for i in range(inds_C_in_A.size(0)):
	ind_C_in_B = torch.where(inds_B_in_A == inds_C_in_A[i])[0]
	inds_C_in_B.append(ind_C_in_B)
inds_C_in_B = torch.cat(inds_C_in_B)
print('方法一耗时%10.7f sec' % (time.time() - time_start))  # 方法一耗时 0.0006711 sec
print('(C == B[inds_C_in_B]).all()的值:', (C == B[inds_C_in_B]).all())

方法二：计算flags_B_in_A中ind_C_in_A前面有多少个元素为True(假设有x个), 则在ind_C_in_B = x;
time_start = time.time()
inds_C_in_B = []
for i in range(inds_C_in_A.size(0)):
	ind_C_in_B = torch.where(flags_B_in_A[:inds_C_in_A[i]] == True)[0].size(0)
	inds_C_in_B.append(ind_C_in_B)
inds_C_in_B = torch.tensor(inds_C_in_B)
print('方法二耗时%10.7f sec' % (time.time() - time_start))  # 方法二耗时 0.0009015 sec
print('(C == B[inds_C_in_B]).all()的值:', (C == B[inds_C_in_B]).all())

PyTorch中模型的保存与加载

*** PyTorch入门学习（六）：model的保存与加载 20180130

PyTorch中tensor和nn.Module的复制 Copy.deepcopy() v.s. clone()

20201113记：

Copy.deepcopy() vs clone() - PyTorch Forums
spanev Serge Panev 20190903 comment:

Hi @Shisho_Sama,

For Tensors in most cases, you should go for .clone() since this is a PyTorch operation that will be recorded by autograd.

When it comes to Module, there is no clone method available so you can either use copy.deepcopy() or create a new instance of the model and just copy the parameters, as proposed in this post Deep copying PyTorch modules 894.

Deep copying PyTorch modules - PyTorch Forums
jpeg729 20180110 comment:

If I had to deep copy a model, I would do something like this…

model_copy = type(mymodel)()  # get a new instance
model_copy.load_state_dict(mymodel.state_dict())  # copy weights and stuff

I can’t see how that would help you “save it somewhere else in a database”. I assume you have read the docs on serialising models 303 and the recommendations and warnings on that page.

.clone(), .detach(), new_tensor(), .copy_()

Pytorch张量（Tensor）复制_winycg的博客-CSDN博客 20190913

pytorch中的detach和detach_ - 那抹阳光1994 - 博客园 20181119

此节转载自：【Pytorch】对比clone、detach以及copy_等张量复制操作_guofei_fly的博客 20200224
编程速记(25)：Pytorch篇-张量（Tensor）复制_weixin_38316806的博客-CSDN博客 20191223

1 .clone()

返回一个和源张量同shape、dtype和device的张量，与源张量不共享数据内存，但提供梯度的回溯。
下面，通过例子来详细说明：
示例：
（1）定义

import torch

a = torch.tensor(1.0, requires_grad=True, device="cuda", dtype=torch.float64)

a_ = a.clone()
print(a_)   # tensor(1., device='cuda:0', dtype=torch.float64, grad_fn=<CloneBackward>)

报错问题记录

查看torch所在的虚拟环境信息

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import print_function
import torch
print(torch.__version__)  # 得到结果’1.4.0’
x = torch.rand(5, 3)
print(x)
print(torch.cuda.is_available())

进入以下路径，运行命令python collect_env.py，便可获取当前的环境信息：

• Linux系统下，进入\envs\my_gpu_py3\lib\python3.7\site-packages\torch\utils路径下；
• Win系统下，进入\Anaconda3\envs\my_cpu_py3\lib\site-packages\torch\utils路径下；

(my_gpu_py3) E:\OtherProgramFiles\Anaconda3\envs\my_gpu_py3\lib\site-packages\to
rch\utils>python collect_env.py
Collecting environment information...
PyTorch version: 1.4.0
Is debug build: No
CUDA used to build PyTorch: Could not collect

OS: Microsoft Windows 8.1 China
GCC version: Could not collect
CMake version: version 3.11.0

Python version: 3.8
Is CUDA available: No
CUDA runtime version: 8.0.60
GPU models and configuration: GPU 0: GeForce GTX 750
Nvidia driver version: 376.51
cuDNN version: E:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\
CUDA\v8.0\bin\cudnn64_7.dll

Versions of relevant libraries:
[pip3] numpy==1.18.5
[pip3] numpydoc==1.1.0
[pip3] torch==1.4.0
[pip3] torchsummary==1.5.1
[pip3] torchvision==0.5.0
[conda] _pytorch_select           0.1                       cpu_0
[conda] blas                      1.0                         mkl
[conda] mkl                       2020.1                      216
[conda] mkl-service               2.3.0            py38hb782905_0
[conda] mkl_fft                   1.1.0            py38h45dec08_0
[conda] mkl_random                1.1.1            py38h47e9c7a_0
[conda] pytorch                   1.4.0           cpu_py38ha775e86_0
[conda] torchsummary              1.5.1                    pypi_0    pypi
[conda] torchvision               0.5.0                    pypi_0    pypi

(my_gpu_py3) E:\OtherProgramFiles\Anaconda3\envs\my_gpu_py3\lib\site-packages\to
rch\utils>

one of the variables needed for gradient computation has been modified by an inplace operation

20201008记：

报错信息如下：

one of the variables needed for gradient computation has been modified by an inplace operation: 
[torch.cuda.FloatTensor [48, 1]] is at version 16; expected version 14 instead. Hint: enable 
anomaly detection to find the operation that failed to compute its gradient, 
with torch.autograd.set_detect_anomaly(True).

(***此博客分析了可能导致该报错的可能原因) pytorch detach函数 - fjlruo - 博客园 20201121

(待阅读) PyTorch报错“RuntimeError: one of the variables needed for gradient computation has been modified by……”_墨门 20200308

ImportError: torch.utils.ffi is deprecated. Please use cpp extensions instead.

• **【已解决】ImportError: torch.utils.ffi is deprecated. Please use cpp extensions instead._ShuqiaoS的博客-CSDN博客 20190312
• torch.utils.cpp_extension对c++/cuda进行拓展 - 知乎20200602
• PyTorch运行时提示’ImportError: torch.utils.ffi is deprecated. Please use cpp extensions instead.’ – 默默的点滴20191116
• torch.utils.ffi is deprecated. How do I use cpp extensions instead? • Issue #15645 • pytorch/pytorch • GitHub20190101

  最省事的情况是降级torch版本到0.4，强烈建议使用Anaconda创建独立的Python开发环境，然后在干净的环境中运行。（博主注：未经测试此解决方案是否可行）

PyTorch: cannot import name container_abc form torch._six

PyTorch: cannot import name ‘container_abc‘ 或者 ‘int_classes‘ form torch._six_calabash_man的博客-CSDN博客 20210830

Unable to find a valid cuDNN algorithm to run convolution

问题描述：
  开始
原因分析and解决方案：
  很有可能是 GPU 显存不够的原因, 尝试把 batch_size 改小一点问题得以解决;
【问题解决】YOLOv5遇到Unable to find a valid cuDNN algorithm to run convolution_Gorgeous_wxd-CSDN博客 20210927
Unable to find a valid cuDNN algorithm to run convolution_weixin_43615569的博客-CSDN博客 20201005

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数学公式粗体 \textbf{} 或者$\mathbf{memory}$
数学公式粗斜体 \bm{}

摘录自“bookname_author”
此文系转载，原文链接：名称 20200505

高亮颜色说明：突出重点
个人觉得，：待核准个人观点是否有误

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我是字号为2的字体
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