ORACLE-基础（启动，停止相关）

startup nomount

alter database db01 mount;

alter database db01 open read only   

只能 nomount ->mount->open ， 不能反过来操作

受限模式：

STARTUP RESTRICT

ALTER SYSTEM ENABLE  RESTRICTED SESSION

杀session:

select sid, serial#,username form v$session;

alter system kill session '15,6';

Read-Only Mode

命令：STARTUP MOUNT

            ALTER DATABASE OPEN READ ONLY

Can be used to:

   Execute queries

   Execute disk sorts using locally managed tablespace

   Take data files offline and online , but not tablespaces

   Perform recovery of offline data files and tablespaces

由上可以看到  I,T,N关闭的都是干净的数据， 一般都用 IMMEDIATE关闭。

Diagnostic Files

Several types exits:alertSID.log file; Background trace files ; User trace files

Background Trace Files: SID_processname_PID.trc

                                         Location defined by BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST

                                         Created when a background process encounters an error

User Trace Files: SID_ora_PID.trc

         produced by the  user process

         Can be generated by a server process

         Contain statistics for traced SQL statements

         Contain user error messages

     Created when a user encounters user session erros

     Location is defined by USER_DUMP_DEST

 Enable /Disable User Tracing

   Session level:

     using the ALTER SESSION command:

        ALTER SESSION SET SQL_TRACE=TRUE

     Executing DBMS procedure:

       dbms_system.SET_SQL_TRACE_IN_SESSION

   Instance level

     Setting the initialization parameter:

        SQL_TRACE=TRUE 

Alert Log File:  alertSID.log

Records the commands

Records results of major events

Used for day-to-day operational information

Used for diagnosing database erros

Each entry has a time stamp associated with it

Must be managed by DBA

Location defined by BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST