z变换
1.z变换
序列f(k)的双边z变换:
F ( z ) = ∑ k = − ∞ ∞ f ( k ) z − k F(z)=\sum_{k=-\infty }^{\infty } f(k)z^{-k} F(z)=∑k=−∞∞f(k)z−k
序列f(k)的单边z变换:
F ( z ) = ∑ k = 0 ∞ f ( k ) z − k F(z)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty } f(k)z^{-k} F(z)=∑k=0∞f(k)z−k
若f(k)为因果序列,则单边z变换和双边z变换相等。
2.收敛域
当 ∑ k = − ∞ ∞ ∣ f ( k ) z − k ∣ < ∞ \sum_{k=-\infty }^{\infty } |f(k)z^{-k}|<\infty ∑k=−∞∞∣f(k)z−k∣<∞时,其z变换存在。称为绝对可和条件,它是序列f(k)的z变换存在的充分必要条件。
(1)收敛域的定义:
序列f(k)满足
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\sum_{k=-\infty }^{\infty } |f(k)z^{-k}|<\infty
∑k=−∞∞∣f(k)z−k∣<∞,所有z值组成的集合称为z变换F(z)的收敛域。
(2)收敛域分类
整个z平面收敛
有限序列z变换的收敛域一般为
0
<
∣
z
∣
<
∞
0<|z|<\infty
0<∣z∣<∞。
例如:
f ( k ) = δ ( k ) ↔ F ( z ) = ∑ k = 0 ∞ δ ( k ) z − k = 1 \large f(k)=\delta (k)\leftrightarrow F(z)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty }\delta (k)z^{-k}=1 f(k)=δ(k)↔F(z)=k=0∑∞δ(k)z−k=1 其单边双边z变换相等,其收敛域为整个z平面。
部分z平面收敛
因果序列
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\large f(k)=a^{k}\varepsilon (k)\leftrightarrow F(z)=\frac{z}{z-a},|z|>|a|
f(k)=akε(k)↔F(z)=z−az,∣z∣>∣a∣
反因果序列
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\large f(k)=b^{k}\varepsilon (-k-1)\leftrightarrow F(z)=\frac{-z}{z-b},|z|<|b|
f(k)=bkε(−k−1)↔F(z)=z−b−z,∣z∣<∣b∣
双边序列
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\large f(k)=a^{k}\varepsilon (k)+b^{k}\varepsilon (-k-1)\leftrightarrow F(z)=\frac{-z}{z-b}+\frac{z}{z-a},|a|<|z|<|b|
f(k)=akε(k)+bkε(−k−1)↔F(z)=z−b−z+z−az,∣a∣<∣z∣<∣b∣
3.常用z变换
f(k) | F(z) | 收敛域 |
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δ ( k ) \large\delta (k) δ(k) | 1 1 1 | 全 平 面 全平面 全平面 |
ε ( k ) \large\varepsilon(k) ε(k) | z z − 1 \Large\frac{z}{z-1} z−1z | ∣ z ∣ > 1 \mid z\mid >1 ∣z∣>1 |
a k ε ( k ) \large a^{k}\varepsilon (k) akε(k) | z z − a \Large\frac{z}{z-a} z−az | ∣ z ∣ > ∣ a ∣ \mid z\mid >\mid a \mid ∣z∣>∣a∣ |
− ε ( − k − 1 ) \large-\varepsilon(-k-1) −ε(−k−1) | z z − 1 \Large\frac{z}{z-1} z−1z | ∣ z ∣ < 1 \mid z\mid <1 ∣z∣<1 |
− a k ε ( − k − 1 ) \large -a^{k}\varepsilon (-k-1) −akε(−k−1) | z z − a \Large\frac{z}{z-a} z−az | ∣ z ∣ < ∣ a ∣ \mid z\mid <\mid a \mid ∣z∣<∣a∣ |
a k ε ( k ) − b k ε ( − k − 1 ) \large a^{k}\varepsilon (k)-b^{k}\varepsilon (-k-1) akε(k)−bkε(−k−1) | z z − b + z z − a \Large\frac{z}{z-b}+\frac{z}{z-a} z−bz+z−az | ∣ a ∣ < ∣ z ∣ < ∣ b ∣ \mid a \mid<\mid z\mid <\mid b \mid ∣a∣<∣z∣<∣b∣ |
δ ( k − m ) \large\delta (k-m) δ(k−m) | z − m \large z^{-m} z−m | ∣ z ∣ > 0 \mid z\mid >0 ∣z∣>0 |
1 1 1 | z z − 1 \Large\frac{z}{z-1} z−1z | ∣ z ∣ > 1 \mid z\mid >1 ∣z∣>1 |
k ε ( k ) \large k\varepsilon (k) kε(k) | z ( z − 1 ) 2 \Large\frac{z}{(z-1)^{2}} (z−1)2z | ∣ z ∣ > 1 \mid z\mid >1 ∣z∣>1 |
k a k − 1 ε ( k ) \large ka^{k-1}\varepsilon (k) kak−1ε(k) | z ( z − a ) 2 \Large\frac{z}{(z-a)^{2}} (z−a)2z | ∣ z ∣ > ∣ a ∣ \mid z\mid >\mid a \mid ∣z∣>∣a∣ |
cos ( β k ) ε ( k ) \large\cos (\beta k)\varepsilon (k) cos(βk)ε(k) | z 2 − z cos β z 2 − 2 z cos β + 1 \Large\frac{z^{2}-z\cos \beta }{z^{2}-2z\cos \beta+1} z2−2zcosβ+1z2−zcosβ | ∣ z ∣ > 1 \mid z\mid >1 ∣z∣>1 |
sin ( β k ) ε ( k ) \large\sin (\beta k)\varepsilon (k) sin(βk)ε(k) | z sin β z 2 − 2 z cos β + 1 \Large\frac{z\sin \beta }{z^{2}-2z\cos \beta+1} z2−2zcosβ+1zsinβ | ∣ z ∣ > 1 \mid z\mid >1 ∣z∣>1 |
a k cos ( β k ) ε ( k ) \large a^{k}\cos (\beta k)\varepsilon (k) akcos(βk)ε(k) | z ( z − a cos β ) z 2 − 2 a z cos β + a 2 \Large\frac{z(z-a\cos \beta) }{z^{2}-2az\cos \beta+a^{2}} z2−2azcosβ+a2z(z−acosβ) | ∣ z ∣ > ∣ a ∣ \mid z\mid >\mid a \mid ∣z∣>∣a∣ |
a k sin ( β k ) ε ( k ) \large a^{k}\sin(\beta k)\varepsilon (k) aksin(βk)ε(k) | a z sin β z 2 − 2 a z cos β + a 2 \Large\frac{az\sin \beta }{z^{2}-2az\cos \beta+a^{2}} z2−2azcosβ+a2azsinβ | ∣ z ∣ > ∣ a ∣ \mid z\mid >\mid a \mid ∣z∣>∣a∣ |