python 下类使用记录小实例

python 下类使用记录小实例

完整英文参考学习视频

使用pygame显示的碰撞的一个小例子

简单运动

import pygame
import random

SETARTING_BLUE_BLOBS = 10
SETARTING_RED_BLOBS = 3
# 设置边界
WIDTH = 800
HEIGHT = 600
# 设置背景与颜色
WHITH = (255,255,255)
BLUE = (0, 0, 255)
RED = (255, 0, 0)

game_display = pygame.display.set_mode((WIDTH,HEIGHT))
# 窗口标题
pygame.display.set_caption("Blob World")
clock = pygame.time.Clock()

# 定义一个Blob类
class Blob:
    # 初始化
    def __init__(self,color):
        self.x = random.randrange(0,WIDTH)
        self.y = random.randrange(0,HEIGHT)
        self.size = random.randrange(4,8)
        self.color = color
    #定义行为    
    def move(self):
        self.move_x = random.randrange(-1,2)
        self.move_y = random.randrange(-1,2)
        self.x += self.move_x
        self.y += self.move_y

        if self.x < 0: self.x = 0
        elif self.x > WIDTH: self.x = WIDTH

        if self.y < 0: self.y = 0
        elif self.y > HEIGHT: self.y = HEIGHT 

# 显示出来        
def draw_environment(blob_list):
    game_display.fill(WHITH)
    for blob_dict in blob_list:
        for blob_id in blob_dict:
            blob = blob_dict[blob_id]
            pygame.draw.circle(game_display,blob.color,[blob.x,blob.y], blob.size)
            blob.move()
    pygame.display.update()


def main():
    # 生成索引的blog， 联合采用enumerate 与 dict
    blue_blobs = dict(enumerate([Blob(BLUE) for i in range(SETARTING_BLUE_BLOBS)]))
    red_blobs = dict(enumerate([Blob(RED) for i in range(SETARTING_RED_BLOBS)]))
    while True:
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                pygame.quit()
                quit()

        draw_environment([blue_blobs,red_blobs])
        clock.tick(60)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

另一个方面可以将类封装成一个单独的文件供其他人调用，比如这里可以将相关部分封装到blob的类中(独立成一个blob.py文件)：

import random
# 定义一个Blob类
class Blob:
    # 初始化
    def __init__(self,color,x_boundary,y_boundary): 
        self.x_boundary = x_boundary
        self.y_boundary = y_boundary
        self.x = random.randrange(0,self.x_boundary)
        self.y = random.randrange(0,self.y_boundary)
        self.size = random.randrange(4,8)
        self.color = color
    #定义行为    
    def move(self):
        self.move_x = random.randrange(-1,2)
        self.move_y = random.randrange(-1,2)
        self.x += self.move_x
        self.y += self.move_y

        if self.x < 0: self.x = 0
        elif self.x > self.x_boundary: self.x = self.x_boundary

        if self.y < 0: self.y = 0
        elif self.y > self.y_boundary: self.y = self.y_boundary 

在其他的 .py 文件中只需要调用即可：

from blob import Blob

关于类的继承

类的继承实现子类继承父类的所有方法，同时可以修改方法以及添加自己独有的方法

import pygame
import random
from blob import Blob

SETARTING_BLUE_BLOBS = 10
SETARTING_RED_BLOBS = 3
# 设置边界
WIDTH = 800
HEIGHT = 600
# 设置背景与颜色
WHITH = (255,255,255)
BLUE = (0, 0, 255)
RED = (255, 0, 0)

game_display = pygame.display.set_mode((WIDTH,HEIGHT))
# 窗口标题
pygame.display.set_caption("Blob World")
clock = pygame.time.Clock()

class BlueBlob(Blob):
    def __init__(self,color,x_boundary,y_boundary):
        super().__init__(color,x_boundary,y_boundary)
        self.color = BLUE

    def move_fast(self):
        self.x += random.randrange(-7,7)
        self.y += random.randrange(-7,7)

# 显示出来        
def draw_environment(blob_list):
    game_display.fill(WHITH)
    for blob_dict in blob_list:
        for blob_id in blob_dict:
            blob = blob_dict[blob_id]
            pygame.draw.circle(game_display,blob.color,[blob.x,blob.y], blob.size)
            blob.move_fast()
    pygame.display.update()


def main():
    # 生成索引的blog， 联合采用enumerate 与 dict
    blue_blobs = dict(enumerate([BlueBlob(BLUE,WIDTH,HEIGHT) for i in range(SETARTING_BLUE_BLOBS)]))
    red_blobs = dict(enumerate([BlueBlob(RED,WIDTH,HEIGHT) for i in range(SETARTING_RED_BLOBS)]))
    while True:
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                pygame.quit()
                quit()

        draw_environment([blue_blobs,red_blobs])
        clock.tick(60)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

比如这里写一个继承blob类并且修改其中方法的类。（这里注意继承类中间的super方法的使用）

进一步重载

import pygame
import random
from blob import Blob
import numpy as np

SETARTING_BLUE_BLOBS = 50
SETARTING_RED_BLOBS = 50
SETARTING_GREEN_BLOBS = 50
# 设置边界
WIDTH = 800
HEIGHT = 600
# 设置背景与颜色
WHITH = (255,255,255)
BLUE = (0, 0, 255)
RED = (255, 0, 0)

game_display = pygame.display.set_mode((WIDTH,HEIGHT))
# 窗口标题
pygame.display.set_caption("Blob World")
clock = pygame.time.Clock()

class BlueBlob(Blob):
    def __init__(self,color,x_boundary,y_boundary):
        Blob.__init__(self, (0,0,255), x_boundary, y_boundary)

    def __add__(self,other_blob):
        if other_blob.color == (255, 0, 0):
            self.size -= other_blob.size
            other_blob.size -= self.size
        elif other_blob.color == (0,255,0):
            self.size += other_blob.size
            other_blob.size = 0 
        elif other_blob.color == (0,0,255):
            pass
        else:
            raise Exception('Tried to combine one or other blobs')

class RedBlob(Blob):
    def __init__(self,color,x_boundary,y_boundary):
        Blob.__init__(self, (255,0,0), x_boundary, y_boundary)

class GreenBlob(Blob):
    def __init__(self,color,x_boundary,y_boundary):
        Blob.__init__(self, (0,255,0), x_boundary, y_boundary)

def is_touching(b1,b2):
    return np.linalg.norm(np.array([b1.x,b1.y]) - np.array([b2.x,b2.y])) < (b1.size + b2.size)

def handle_collision(blob_list):
    blues,reds,greens = blob_list
    for blue_id, blue_blob in blues.copy().items():
        for other_blobs in blues,reds,greens:
            for other_blob_id, other_blob in other_blobs.copy().items():
                if blue_blob == other_blob:
                    pass
                else:
                    if is_touching(blue_blob,other_blob):
                        blue_blob + other_blob
                        if other_blob.size <= 0:
                            del other_blobs[other_blob_id]
                        if blue_blob.size <= 0 :
                            del blues[blue_id]
    return blues, reds, greens 


# 显示出来        
def draw_environment(blob_list):
    game_display.fill(WHITH)
    blues, reds, greens = handle_collision(blob_list)
    for blob_dict in blob_list:
        for blob_id in blob_dict:
            blob = blob_dict[blob_id]
            pygame.draw.circle(game_display,blob.color,[blob.x,blob.y], blob.size)
            blob.move()
            blob.check_bounds()
    pygame.display.update()
    return blues, reds, greens


def main():
    # 生成索引的blog， 联合采用enumerate 与 dict
    blue_blobs = dict(enumerate([BlueBlob(BLUE,WIDTH,HEIGHT) for i in range(SETARTING_BLUE_BLOBS)]))
    red_blobs = dict(enumerate([RedBlob(RED,WIDTH,HEIGHT) for i in range(SETARTING_RED_BLOBS)]))
    green_blobs = dict(enumerate([GreenBlob(RED,WIDTH,HEIGHT) for i in range(SETARTING_GREEN_BLOBS)]))

    while True:
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                pygame.quit()
                quit()

        blues, reds, greens = draw_environment([blue_blobs,red_blobs,green_blobs])
        clock.tick(60)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

关于错误的处理

两种方式：可以采用logging 或者一般的try - except 方法：

try - except 方法

import sys
import logging

def error_handling():
    return 'Error: {}. {}, line: {}'.format(sys.exc_info()[0],
                                          sys.exc_info()[1],
                                        sys.exc_info()[2].tb_lineno)

try:
    a+b
except Exception as e:
   print('Error: {}. {}, line: {}'.format(sys.exc_info()[0],
                                          sys.exc_info()[1],
                                        sys.exc_info()[2].tb_lineno))

>>> ERROR:root:Error: <class 'NameError'>. name 'a' is not defined, line: 33

logging

import sys
import logging

def error_handling():
    return 'Error: {}. {}, line: {}'.format(sys.exc_info()[0],
                                          sys.exc_info()[1],
                                        sys.exc_info()[2].tb_lineno)

try:
    a+b
except Exception as e:
   logging.error(error_handling())

>>> ERROR:root:Error: <class 'NameError'>. name 'a' is not defined, line: 33

关于自适应处理参数方法: args 和 kwargs

关于args，自适应改变参数个数，单*，一个例子

blog_1 = 'I am so awesome.'
blog_2 = 'Cars are cool.'
blog_3 = 'Aww look at my cat!'

def blog_posts(*args):
    for post in args:
        print(post)

blog_posts(blog_1)
blog_posts(blog_1,blog_2)
blog_posts(blog_1,blog_2,blog_3)

>>>
I am so awesome.
I am so awesome.
Cars are cool.
I am so awesome.
Cars are cool.
Aww look at my cat!

kwargs 在调用的时候指定，双**

def blog_posts_3(**kwargs):
    for title, post in kwargs.items():
        print(title,post)

blog_posts_3(blog_1 = 'I am so awesome',
             blog_2 = 'Cars are cool.',
             blog_3 = 'Aww look at my cat.')

>>>
blog_2 Cars are cool.
blog_1 I am so awesome
blog_3 Aww look at my cat.