GoF(四人帮)那本《设计模式 可复用面向对象软件的基础》可谓是设计模式方面的经典之作,其中介绍的23种设计模式,
也可谓是经典中的经典。但是,设计模式的种类绝不仅仅是这23种,除此之外还有很多巧妙可爱的设计模式值得我们学习。这些
被遗忘的设计模式,也可以堪称经典之作。今天我们来一起学习被遗忘的设计模式——空对象模式(Null Object Pattern)。
一起看看这个模式会带给我们怎样的惊喜?
一、Pattern name
Provide an object as a surrogate for the lack of an object of a given type. The Null Object provides intelligent do nothing behavior, hiding the details from its collaborators.
二、Problem
任何没有实际应用场景的设计模式,都是在耍流氓。学习设计模式,不仅仅是为了领悟其精髓,更为了在实践设计当中去运用,去变通,下面我们来看看,什么情况下,这个Null Object Pattern会派上用场呢?
假设这样一个场景:
在一个图书信息查询系统中,你调用一个方法,传过去你要查找图书的ID,然后它返回给你,你要查找的图书对象,这样你就可以调用对象的方法来输出图书的信息。
我想这种场景在程序设计中还是比较常见的。下面,我们来实现以下具体的代码。
首先,我们来看一下ConcreteBook类的代码(提供构造函数和展示图书信息的show()方法。):
<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">ConcreteBook</span> {</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> ID;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span> String name;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span> String author;
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 构造函数</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ConcreteBook</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> ID, String name, String author) {
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.ID = ID;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.name = name;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.author = author;
}
<span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/**
*
* Description About show: <br>
* 展示图书的相关信息
*
*<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @version</span> V1.0
*/</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">show</span>() {
System.out.println(ID + <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"**"</span> + name + <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"**"</span> + author);
}
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li></ul>
我们再来看看创建图书对象的图书工厂的代码(主要提供一个获得ConcreteBook的方法):
<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">BookFactory</span> {</span>
<span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/**
*
* Description About getBook: <br>
* 根据ConcreteBook的ID,获取图书对象。
*<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @param</span> ID 图书的ID
*<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @return</span> 图书对象
*<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @version</span> V1.0
*/</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> ConcreteBook <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">getBook</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> ID) {
ConcreteBook book = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">switch</span> (ID) {
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">case</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>:
book = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> ConcreteBook(ID, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"设计模式"</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"GoF"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">break</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">case</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>:
book = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> ConcreteBook(ID, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"被遗忘的设计模式"</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Null Object Pattern"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">break</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">default</span>:
book = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>;<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 其实这个可以省略,因为初始化已经赋值为null。</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">break</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> book;
}
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li></ul>
最后,来看一下客户端的代码:
<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> Client {
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> main(String[] args) {
BookFactory bookFactory = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> BookFactory();
ConcreteBook book = bookFactory.getBook(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>);
book.show();
}
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>
上面三段代码很简单,我就不做详细解释了。下面,我们来运行一下,结果如下:
很好,运行很顺利,这时,我们把ConcreteBook book = bookFactory.getBook(1);中的1改为2,恩,也运行成功。这时候,我们改成-1。再来运行一下,发现如下报错:
空指针报错,是的,这应该是Java初学者见到最多的报错了。它提示我们第28行book.show()报错。这是为什么呢?因为我们通过bookFactory.getBook()方法获取ConcreteBook对象的时候,如果我们传入的参数,即图书的ID,属于非法值(如-1)或者不存在(如3)的话(其实这种情况是经常遇到的。),就会返回null,表示我们查找的图书信息并不存在。这时,book为null.你再调用book.show()。当然要报空指针的错误了。那怎么解决呢?
我们比较常规的做法就是在客户端加一个判断,判断是否为null。如果为null的话,就不再调用show()方法。如果不为null再调用show()方法。更改如下:
<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">main</span>(String[] args) {
BookFactory bookFactory = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> BookFactory();
ConcreteBook book = bookFactory.getBook(-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//判断book对象是否为null。</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (book == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>) {
System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"book对象为 null。"</span>);
} <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> {
book.show();
}
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li></ul>
此时,再运行,就不会报错了。而是,输出了:book对象为null。
但是,你有没有考虑过?这样做,确实消除了报错,但是这样做真的好吗?你想如果在一段程序中有很多处调用getBook()方法或者有很多个客户端的话(比如图书馆的查询终端肯定不止一个啊),岂不是很多处都要判断book对象是否为null?这还不算坏,如果哪一处没有判断,然后报错了,很有可能导致程序没法继续运行甚至崩溃。而且,你要记住,永远都不要太相信客户端(Client),不要把整个程序的稳定性寄托在客户端身上。还有,像上面的处理方法,当获取对象为null的时候,输出的提示信息是有客户端来定制的,这样岂不是把主动权交给了客户端,而不是我们系统本身?
那究竟应该如何实现才会更加合适呢?那就要用到我们今天要将的Null Object Pattern——一种被遗忘的设计模式
三、Solution
首先,我们来看一下Null Object Pattern的UML类图结构:
这个类图结构其实还是很简单的,这里面的RealObject其实就相当于我们的ConcreteBook类,而NullObject就是我们将要增加的空对象类,而AbstractObject类就是我们要提出来的父类。我们只是在Client和AbstractObject之间增加了一个BookFactory而已。
下面,我们来改一下我们的代码:
新增的抽象接口Book类的代码:
<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">interface</span> Book {
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 判断Book对象是否为空对象(Null Object)</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> boolean <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">isNull</span>();
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 展示Book对象的信息内容。</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">show</span>();
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>
新增的空对象类NullBook类的代码(继承Book类):
<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">NullBook</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">implements</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">Book</span> {</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">boolean</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">isNull</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">true</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">show</span>() {
}
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>
原有的ConcreteBook类修改后的代码(增加对Book接口的实现,实现isNull方法):
<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">ConcreteBook</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">implements</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">Book</span>{</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> ID;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span> String name;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span> String author;
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 构造函数</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ConcreteBook</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> ID, String name, String author) {
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.ID = ID;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.name = name;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.author = author;
}
<span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/**
*
* Description About show: <br>
* 展示图书的相关信息
*
*<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @version</span> V1.0
*/</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">show</span>() {
System.out.println(ID + <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"**"</span> + name + <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"**"</span> + author);
}
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">boolean</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">isNull</span>(){
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>;
}
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li></ul>
工厂类(BookFactory)修改后的代码(返回对象从ConcreteBook改为Book,并当ID属于非法值或者不存在时,返回NullBook对象。):
<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">BookFactory</span> {</span>
<span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/**
* Description About getBook: <br>
* 根据ConcreteBook的ID,获取图书对象。
*<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @param</span> ID 图书的ID
*<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @return</span> 图书对象
*<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @version</span> V1.0
*/</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> Book <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">getBook</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> ID) {
Book book;<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//将原来的ConcreteBook改为Book</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">switch</span> (ID) {
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">case</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>:
book = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> ConcreteBook(ID, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"设计模式"</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"GoF"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">break</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">case</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>:
book = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> ConcreteBook(ID, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"被遗忘的设计模式"</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Null Object Pattern"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">break</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">default</span>:
book = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> NullBook();<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//创建一个NullBook对象</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">break</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> book;
}
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li></ul>
客户端的代码为:
<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">main</span>(String[] args) {
BookFactory bookFactory = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> BookFactory();
Book book = bookFactory.getBook(-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>);
book.show();
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>
运行一下,我们发现,即使传入的参数是非法值或者不存在的值时,也不会报错了,这是Null Object Pattern的第一个好处。但是现在不报错,也没有任何输出,肯定不够友好,不够人性化。此时,在NullBook类的show方法中,我们可以定制我们的输出提醒,当用户调用空对象的show方法时,就会输出我们定制的提醒。这回我们可以实现,一处定制,处处输出,主动权在我们手里,而不是在客户端的手里。这是Null Object Pattern的第二个好处。
比如我们进行如下修改,修改后的NullBook类代码:
<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">NullBook</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">implements</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">Book</span> {</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">boolean</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">isNull</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">true</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">show</span>() {
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Sorry,未找到符合您输入的ID的图书信息,请确认您输入的不是非法值。"</span>);
}
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>
此时,在执行一下Client,你会发现控制台输出为:Sorry,未找到符合您输入的ID的图书信息,请确认您输入的不是非法值。
其实,虽然在客户端我们不进行检测也可以保证程序不报错,但是最好的方式,还是进行相应的检测,如下:
<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">main</span>(String[] args) {
BookFactory bookFactory = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> BookFactory();
Book book = bookFactory.getBook(-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (book.isNull()) {
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//这里由客户端定制提醒代码</span>
System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"兄弟,你输入的ID不符合规范吧。"</span>);
}<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span>{
book.show();
}
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li></ul>
我们看到相比之下,book.isNull()比book == null更加优雅一点。到这里,Null Object Pattern大概就介绍完了。我们可以看到,其实Null Object Pattern还是有点意思的,可以说使整个系统更加坚固了。
四、Consequences
Null Object Pattern,作为一种被遗忘的设计模式,却有着不能被遗忘的作用。
(1)它可以加强系统的稳固性,能有有效地防止空指针报错对整个系统的影响,使系统更加稳定。
(2)它能够实现对空对象情况的定制化的控制,能够掌握处理空对象的主动权。
(3)它并不依靠Client来保证整个系统的稳定运行。
(4)它通过isNull对==null的替换,显得更加优雅,更加易懂。
五、总结
到这里,我们的Null Object Pattern就介绍完了,还可以参考这篇资料,也是讲得很不错的。http://www.cs.oberlin.edu/~jwalker/nullObjPattern/
1楼 GJYSK6小时前发表 [回复]-
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不错,多谢分享,持续关注中……
Re: qiumengchen126小时前发表 [回复]-
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回复GJYSK:谢谢你的支持,关于设计模式,这个系列,我会坚持写完。