Python编程特殊小技巧汇集
Python作为一种高级编辑语言,有很多使用的小技巧,分享一期。
1、变量值互换
a = 0
b = 1
a,b = b, a
2、连续赋值
a, b = 2, 1
3、自动解包赋值
a,b,c,d = [1,3,4,'domi']
aa,*others = [1,3,4,'domi']
>>> others
[3, 4, 'domi']
4、链式比较
a = 10
if 5<= a <= 15:
print('Hello world')
# 等价于
if 5<= a and a <= 15:
print('Hello world')
5、重复列表
a = [1,'domi']*2
>>> a
[1, 'domi', 1, 'domi']
6、重复字符串
>>> a[1]*2
'domidomi'
7、三目运算
a = 10
b = True if a==10 else False
>>> b
True
等价于
if a==10:
b = True
else:
b = False
8、字典合并
a = {"a":1}
b = {"b":2}
>>> {**a, **b}
{'a': 1, 'b': 2}
9、字符串反转
s = "domi"
s1 = s[::-1]
10、列表转为字符串
s = ['d','o','m','i']
s1 = "".join(s)
>>> s1
'domi'
11、字典推导式
a = {x:x**2 for x in range(3)}
>>> a
{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4}
12、字典key和value互换
a_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
{value:key for key, value in a_dict.items()}
{1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c'}
13、用counter查找列表中出现最多的元素
a = [1,2,3,3,0]
from collections import Counter
b = Counter(a)
b.most_common(1)
[(3, 2)] # 3出现的次数最多,为2次
14、赋值表达式,:=,可以将变量赋值和表达式放在一行
import re
s ="helloworld"
match = re.search('o', s)
if match:
num = match.group(0)
else:
num = None
num
3和4可以合并为一行代码
if match := re.search('o', s):
num = match.group(0)
else:
num = None
15、isintance函数用来判断实例的类型
a = 1.2
isinstance(a, (int, float))
b = "str"
isinstance(a, int)
16、判断字符串是否某个字符开始或者结束,startswith,endswith
s = "123asdz"
s.startswith("1")
s.endswith(("z","a"))
17、http.server共享文件
python3 -m http.server
效果如下,方便在浏览器共享文件目录,方便在局域网共享文件
18、查找列表中出现次数最多的数字
a = [1,2,3,3,0]
max(set(a), key=a.count)
19、扩展列表
a.extend(['domi','+1'])
>>> a
[1, 2, 3, 3, 0, 'domi', '+1']
20、列表负数索引
a[-2]
'domi'
21、列表切片,
a = [1,2,3,'domi','mi']
>>> a[2:4] # 提取第3个位置到第5个位置(不包含第5个位置)的数据
[3, 'domi']
>>> a[:3] # 提取前3个数据
[1, 2, 3]
>>> a[::2] # 提取偶数项
[1, 3, 'mi']
>>> a[1::2] # 提取奇数项
[2, 'domi']
>>> a[::-1] # 列表反转
['mi', 'domi', 3, 2, 1]
22、二维数组转为一维数组
import itertools
a = [[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]
b = itertools.chain(*a)
>>> list(b)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
23、带索引的迭代
a = ['d','o','m','i']
for index, value in enumerate(a):
print('第%d个数据为%s' %(index, value))
第0个数据为d
第1个数据为o
第2个数据为m
第3个数据为i
24、列表推导式
a = [x*3 for x in range(3)]
>>> a
[0, 3, 6]
a = [x*3 for x in range(10) if x%2 == 0]
>>> a
[0, 6, 12, 18, 24]
25、生成器表达式
ge = (x*2 for x in range(10))
>>> ge
<generator object <genexpr> at 0x000001372D39F270>
>>> next(ge)
0
>>>
>>> next(ge)
2
>>> next(ge)
4
>>> next(ge)
6
>>> next(ge)
8
>>> next(ge)
10
>>> next(ge)
12
>>> next(ge)
14
>>> next(ge)
16
>>> next(ge)
18
>>> next(ge) # 迭代结束
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
StopIteration
26、集合推导式
>>> nums = {n**2 for n in range(10)}
>>> nums
{0, 1, 64, 4, 36, 9, 16, 49, 81, 25}
27、判断key是否存在字典中判断key是否存在字典中
>>> d = {"1":"a"}
>>> d['2']
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: '2'
>>> d['1']
'a'
>>> '1' in d
True
>>> '2' in d
False
>>> d.get('1')
'a'
>>> d.get('2')
28、打开文件
with open('foo.txt', 'w') as f:
f.write("hello world")
29、两个列表组合成字典
a = ["One","Two","Three"]
b = [1,2,3]
dictionary = dict(zip(a, b))
print(dictionary)
30、去除列表中重复元素
my_list = [1,4,1,8,2,8,4,5]
my_list = list(set(my_list))
31、打印日历
import calendar
>>> print(calendar.month(2021, 1))
January 2021
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
32、匿名函数
def add(a, b):
return a+b
# 等同于
add = lambda a,b:a+b
add(1,2)