第二十三讲 解一阶微分方程组

例题

$\{\begin{array}{c}{u_1}^{\prime }=-u_1+2u_2\\ {u_1}^{\prime }=u_1-2u_2\end{array}$

一，将微分方程组化为矩阵形式

$\left[\begin{array}{c}{u_1}^{\prime }\\ {u_2}^{\prime }\end{array}\right]=A\left[\begin{array}{c}{u}_1\\ u_2\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}-1& 2\\ 1& -2\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{u}_1\\ u_2\end{array}\right]$

方程组解的形式：$\left[\begin{array}{c}u\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}x\end{array}\right]e^{\lambda t}$，c是任意常数，x是特征向量，λ是特征值，t是时间变量
证明：$\left[\begin{array}{c}{u}^{\prime }\end{array}\right]={(\left[\begin{array}{c}x\end{array}\right]e^{\lambda t})}^{\prime }=\lambda \left[\begin{array}{c}x\end{array}\right]e^{\lambda t}=A\left[\begin{array}{c}x\end{array}\right]e^{\lambda t}=A\left[\begin{array}{c}u\end{array}\right]$

二，求出A的$\lambda$和$x$

1. 根据二阶矩阵特征值公式（第二十一讲），得：${\lambda }^2+3\lambda =0$。解得：${\lambda }_1=0，{\lambda }_2=-3$
2. 将${\lambda }_1=0$代入$\left[\begin{array}{cc}-1-\lambda & 2\\ 1& -2-\lambda \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{x}_1\\ x_2\end{array}\right]=0$，得：$\left[\begin{array}{cc}-1& 2\\ 1& -2\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{x}_1\\ x_2\end{array}\right]=0$
3. 设自由变量$x_1=1$，则 x 2 = 1 2 x_{2}=\frac{1