kotlin--协程上下文、异常处理

从前面我们可以大致了解了协程的玩法,如果一个协程中使用子协程,那么该协程会等待子协程执行结束后才真正退出,而达到这种效果的原因就是协程上下文,上下文贯穿了协程的生命周期,这套思想和我们app的上下文很像
在开始真正了解协程上下文之前,我们先来看看下面的例子

下面的图代表了一个协程a的生命,就像一条从上至下的直线,它的生命只有100ms

当我们在a协程延迟函数100ms之前开启一个子协程b,b做了200ms的事情,如果不考虑调度消耗的时间,那么a协程的生命也会延长成200ms

代码验证下:

fun `test context life`() = runBlocking {
    //定义一个作用域
    val a = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.Default)

    val startTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
    //协程a开启
    val jobA = a.launch {
        //子协程b开启
        val jobB = launch {
            delay(200)
        }

        delay(100)
    }

    //等待协程a结束
    jobA.join()
    val endTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
    println(endTime - startTime)
}

fun main() {
    `test context life`()
}

结果:
237

如果我们把子协程b增加到delay 300ms,那么结果也会相应的变为:
323

通过上面的列子,来对协程上下文的有一个初步概念:可以说协程的生命周期,就是上下文的生命周期
协程拥有很多新的概念,很多人一开始接触就能难理解(包括我自己),这些概念都是在上下文的基础上引申而来的,所以我一再强调它的重要性,协程的上下文必须理解透,才能玩好协程,接下来我们来真正了解协程上下文
一、协程上下文
1.CoroutineContext

协程上下文有以下几项构成,它们都是实现了CoroutineContext.Element接口,有些是实现了AbstractCoroutineContextElement接口,而AbstractCoroutineContextElement继承CoroutineContext.Element接口
1.Job:控制协程的生命周期,也是我们能拿到操作协程任务的唯一对象
2.CoroutineDispatcher:就是之前介绍的调度器
3.CoroutineName:协程的名字,一般输出日志用的
4.CoroutineExceptionHandler:处理未捕获的异常

协程上下文实现了运算符重载,我们可以用+号来组合一个CoroutineContext的元素

2.一般情况下,协程体内所有的子协程,都继承至根协程,协程的继承的关系不是我们所了解的类的继承关系,而是父协程和子协程的生命周期关系,还记得我们上面举得例子么,除非在协程体内自己手动创建协程作用域,即:创建一个全新的协程上下文,我们之前已经介绍过了:

CorountineScope:创建协程作用域,新起线程,观察源码,内部实际实例化的是ContextScope,ContextScope被internal修饰,内部使用,我们实例化不了

其他的实际上都是继承父协程上下文,或者内部实例化了ContextScope:

1.runBlocking:将主线程转变为协程,会阻塞主线程,实际上用的是一个EmptyCoroutineContext作为上下文,它是一个主线程的协程上下文,静态的全局变量,我们其实就可以理解成是主线程
2.GlobalScope:也是用的EmptyCoroutineContext
3.MainScope:使用ContextScope构造了新的上下文
4.coroutineScope:继承的父协程上下文,不能算是全新的协程
等等

3.子协程继承父协程时,除了Job会自动创建新的实例外,其他3项的不手动指定的话,都会自动继承父协程的,Job对应的是协程任务,每次新的任务肯定都是新的Job对象

有了这些概念后,接下来通过代码,再熟悉巩固下
例子1:

fun `test context life1`() = runBlocking {
    //定义一个作用域
    val a = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.Default)

    //协程a开启
    val jobA = a.launch {
        delay(100)
        println("jobA finished")
    }

    println("main finished")
}

结果:
main finished
由于a是一个根协程,全新的上下文,runBlocking 是主线程的协程上下文,所以当a开启任务时,不会阻塞主线程,当我们的进程都跑完了,jobA finished肯定不会打印了

例子2:

fun `test context life2`() = runBlocking {
    //定义一个作用域
    val a = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.Default)

    //协程a开启
    val jobA = a.launch {
        delay(100)
        println("jobA finished")
    }

    jobA.join()
    println("main finished")
}

结果:
jobA finished
main finished
我们在主协程(主线程的协程)中,手动调用jobA的join方法,那么主线程就会阻塞,直到jobA执行完毕。这个和我们的多线程操作是一样的,主线程等待A线程执行完后再往后执行

例子3:

fun `test context life3`() = runBlocking {
    launch {
        delay(100)
        println("jobA finished")
    }

    println("main finished")
}

结果:
main finished
jobA finished
这回我们没有构建新的协程作用域,而是在根协程中直接使用子协程的方式,当然了,协程的上下文继承关系,使得我们的主协程等待子协程执行完毕后才结束生命

例子4:

fun `test context life4`() = runBlocking {
    launch(Dispatchers.IO + CoroutineName("jobA")) {
        delay(100)
        println("${coroutineContext[CoroutineName]}  finished")
    }

    println("main finished")
}

结果:
main finished
CoroutineName(jobA) finished
即使我们指定了子协程的调度器和协程名,也不会影响协程上下文继承关系,主协程还是会等待子协程执行完毕后才结束生命

如果你已经完全理解了,那么就可以知道以上例子使用async启动也是一样的效果
二、协程的异常传递
1.协程的异常传播也是遵循了协程上下文的机制,除了取消异常(CancellationException)外,当一个协程有了异常,如果没有主动捕获异常,那么异常会向上传播,直到根协程,子协程的异常都会导致根协程退出,自然其他子协程也会退出

例子1:

fun `test coroutineScope exception1`() = runBlocking {
    val job1 = launch {
        delay(2000)
        println("job finished")
    }

    val job2 = launch {
        delay(1000)
        println("job2 finished")
        throw IllegalArgumentException()
    }

    delay(3000)
    println("finished")
}

结果:

job2 finished
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
    at com.aruba.mykotlinapplication.coroutine.ExceptionTestKt$test coroutineScope exception1$1$job2$1.invokeSuspend(exceptionTest.kt:46)
    at kotlin.coroutines.jvm.internal.BaseContinuationImpl.resumeWith(ContinuationImpl.kt:33)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.ResumeModeKt.resumeMode(ResumeMode.kt:67)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.DispatchedKt.resume(Dispatched.kt:309)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.DispatchedKt.dispatch(Dispatched.kt:298)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.CancellableContinuationImpl.dispatchResume(CancellableContinuationImpl.kt:250)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.CancellableContinuationImpl.resumeImpl(CancellableContinuationImpl.kt:260)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.CancellableContinuationImpl.resumeUndispatched(CancellableContinuationImpl.kt:332)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.EventLoopImplBase$DelayedResumeTask.run(EventLoop.kt:298)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.EventLoopImplBase.processNextEvent(EventLoop.kt:116)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.BlockingCoroutine.joinBlocking(Builders.kt:80)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.BuildersKt__BuildersKt.runBlocking(Builders.kt:54)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.BuildersKt.runBlocking(Unknown Source)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.BuildersKt__BuildersKt.runBlocking$default(Builders.kt:36)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.BuildersKt.runBlocking$default(Unknown Source)
    at com.aruba.mykotlinapplication.coroutine.ExceptionTestKt.test coroutineScope exception1(exceptionTest.kt:37)
    at com.aruba.mykotlinapplication.coroutine.ExceptionTestKt.main(exceptionTest.kt:54)
    at com.aruba.mykotlinapplication.coroutine.ExceptionTestKt.main(exceptionTest.kt)

Process finished with exit code 1

job2 1000ms后就发生了异常,导致job1和父协程都直接退出

2.不同上下文(没有继承关系)之间协程异常会怎么样?

例子1:

fun `test coroutineScope exception2`() = runBlocking {
    val job1 = launch {
        delay(2000)
        println("job finished")
    }

    val job2 = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO).launch{
        delay(1000)
        println("job2 finished")
        throw IllegalArgumentException()
        println("new CoroutineScope finished")
    }

    delay(3000)
    println("finished")
}

结果:

job2 finished
Exception in thread "DefaultDispatcher-worker-2" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
    at com.aruba.mykotlinapplication.coroutine.ExceptionTestKt$test coroutineScope exception1$1$job2$1.invokeSuspend(exceptionTest.kt:46)
    at kotlin.coroutines.jvm.internal.BaseContinuationImpl.resumeWith(ContinuationImpl.kt:33)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.DispatchedTask.run(Dispatched.kt:238)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler.runSafely(CoroutineScheduler.kt:594)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler.access$runSafely(CoroutineScheduler.kt:60)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler$Worker.run(CoroutineScheduler.kt:742)
job finished
finished

Process finished with exit code 0

可以看出不同根协程的协程之间,异常并不会自动传递,我们的主线程上下文协程正常执行

再看例子2:

fun `test coroutineScope exception3`() = runBlocking {
    val job1 = launch {
        delay(2000)
        println("job finished")
    }

    val job2 = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO).async{
        delay(1000)
        println("job2 finished")
        throw IllegalArgumentException()
        println("new CoroutineScope finished")
    }

    delay(3000)
    println("finished")
}

结果:
job2 finished
job finished
finished

和例子1的唯一区别是,使用了全新上下文的协程使用了async启动,哈哈,这就奇怪了,为什么会这样?

3.向用户暴露异常

还记得async启动的协程返回的是一个Deferred么,它可以使用await函数,来获取协程运行结果。那么试想一下,如果我就是想要一个协程执行完返回一个异常呢?
所以async中的异常会作为返回值,返回给调用await函数

fun `test coroutineScope exception4`() = runBlocking {
    val job1 = launch {
        delay(2000)
        println("job finished")
    }

    val job2 = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO).async{
        delay(1000)
        println("job2 finished")
        throw IllegalArgumentException()
        println("new CoroutineScope finished")
    }

    job2.await()
    delay(3000)
    println("finished")
}

结果:

job2 finished
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
    at com.aruba.mykotlinapplication.coroutine.ExceptionTestKt$test coroutineScope exception4$1$job2$1.invokeSuspend(exceptionTest.kt:96)
    at kotlin.coroutines.jvm.internal.BaseContinuationImpl.resumeWith(ContinuationImpl.kt:33)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.DispatchedTask.run(Dispatched.kt:238)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler.runSafely(CoroutineScheduler.kt:594)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler.access$runSafely(CoroutineScheduler.kt:60)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler$Worker.run(CoroutineScheduler.kt:742)

Process finished with exit code 1

await的时候出现异常了,当然会导致协程退出,我们可以在await的时候捕获下这个异常,就不会影响主线程上下文的协程运行了

fun `test coroutineScope exception4`() = runBlocking {
    val job1 = launch {
        delay(2000)
        println("job finished")
    }

    val job2 = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO).async {
        delay(1000)
        println("job2 finished")
        throw IllegalArgumentException()
        println("new CoroutineScope finished")
    }

    try {
        job2.await()
    } catch (e: Exception) {
        e.printStackTrace()
    }
    delay(3000)
    println("finished")
}

结果:

job2 finished
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
    at com.aruba.mykotlinapplication.coroutine.ExceptionTestKt$test coroutineScope exception4$1$job2$1.invokeSuspend(exceptionTest.kt:96)
    at kotlin.coroutines.jvm.internal.BaseContinuationImpl.resumeWith(ContinuationImpl.kt:33)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.DispatchedTask.run(Dispatched.kt:238)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler.runSafely(CoroutineScheduler.kt:594)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler.access$runSafely(CoroutineScheduler.kt:60)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler$Worker.run(CoroutineScheduler.kt:742)
job finished
finished

Process finished with exit code 0

值得注意的是,同一继承关系下的协程使用await并无法捕获异常,还是会遵循第一条,导致整个协程生命周期结束

fun `test coroutineScope exception5`() = runBlocking {
    val job2 = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO).launch {
        val job1 = launch {
            delay(2000)
            println("job finished")
        }

        val job3 = async {
            delay(1000)
            println("job3 finished")
            throw IllegalArgumentException()
        }

        try {
            job3.await()
        } catch (e: Exception) {
            e.printStackTrace()
        }

        delay(2000)
        println("job2 finished")
    }

    job2.join()
    println("finished")
}

结果:

job3 finished
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
    at com.aruba.mykotlinapplication.coroutine.ExceptionTestKt$test coroutineScope exception5$1$job2$1$job3$1.invokeSuspend(exceptionTest.kt:119)
    at kotlin.coroutines.jvm.internal.BaseContinuationImpl.resumeWith(ContinuationImpl.kt:33)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.DispatchedTask.run(Dispatched.kt:238)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler.runSafely(CoroutineScheduler.kt:594)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler.access$runSafely(CoroutineScheduler.kt:60)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler$Worker.run(CoroutineScheduler.kt:742)
Exception in thread "DefaultDispatcher-worker-1" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
    at com.aruba.mykotlinapplication.coroutine.ExceptionTestKt$test coroutineScope exception5$1$job2$1$job3$1.invokeSuspend(exceptionTest.kt:119)
    at kotlin.coroutines.jvm.internal.BaseContinuationImpl.resumeWith(ContinuationImpl.kt:33)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.DispatchedTask.run(Dispatched.kt:238)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler.runSafely(CoroutineScheduler.kt:594)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler.access$runSafely(CoroutineScheduler.kt:60)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler$Worker.run(CoroutineScheduler.kt:742)
finished

Process finished with exit code 0

可以发现job3.await()的try catch并没有生效,所以向用户暴露异常只适用于不同上下文(没有继承关系)的协程

三、协程的异常处理
1.如果想要一个协程出现异常后,不影响其继承关系中的其他协程,可以使用SupervisorJob
fun `test SupervisorJob exception`() = runBlocking {
    val job1 = launch {
        delay(2000)
        println("job finished")
    }

    val job2 = async(SupervisorJob()) {
        delay(1000)
        println("job2 finished")
        throw IllegalArgumentException()
    }

    delay(3000)
    println("finished")
}

结果:
job2 finished
job finished
finished
可以看到,job2的异常并没有影响其他继承关系的协程的执行

2.SupervisorScope,这个我们前面已经用过了,就不重复介绍了
3.异常捕获器CoroutineExceptionHandler,协程上下文的4项之一,可以用CrashHandler理解,不过它并不能阻止协程的退出,只能够获取异常的信息

它使用有两个条件:
1.异常是自动抛出异常(launch)
2.实例化CoroutineScope的时候指定异常捕获器 或者 在一个根协程中

例子1:

fun `test SupervisorHandler exception1`() = runBlocking {
    val handler = CoroutineExceptionHandler { _, throwable ->
        println("caught: $throwable")
    }
    val scope = CoroutineScope(handler)
    val job1 = scope.launch {
        val job2 = launch {
            delay(1000)
            println("job2 finished")
            throw IllegalArgumentException()
        }


        delay(2000)
        println("job finished")
    }


    delay(4000)
    println("finished")
}

结果:
job2 finished
caught: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
finished

job2抛出了异常,被捕获到了,但是scope的其他协程随之生命周期也都结束了

例子2:

fun `test SupervisorHandler exception2`() = runBlocking {
    val handler = CoroutineExceptionHandler { _, throwable ->
        println("caught: $throwable")
    }
    val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.Default)
    val job1 = scope.launch(handler) {
        val job2 = launch {
            delay(1000)
            println("job2 finished")
            throw IllegalArgumentException()
        }
        
        
        delay(2000)
        println("job finished")
    }


    delay(4000)
    println("finished")
}

结果:
job2 finished
caught: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
finished
和例子1相同,因为我们handler指定在了根协程

例子3:

fun `test SupervisorHandler exception3`() = runBlocking {
    val handler = CoroutineExceptionHandler { _, throwable ->
        println("caught: $throwable")
    }
    val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.Default)
    val job1 = scope.launch {
        val job2 = launch(handler) {
            delay(1000)
            println("job2 finished")
            throw IllegalArgumentException()
        }


        delay(2000)
        println("job finished")
    }


    delay(4000)
    println("finished")
}

结果:

job2 finished
Exception in thread "DefaultDispatcher-worker-4" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
    at com.aruba.mykotlinapplication.coroutine.ExceptionTestKt$test SupervisorHandler exception$1$job1$1$job2$1.invokeSuspend(exceptionTest.kt:161)
    at kotlin.coroutines.jvm.internal.BaseContinuationImpl.resumeWith(ContinuationImpl.kt:33)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.DispatchedTask.run(Dispatched.kt:238)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler.runSafely(CoroutineScheduler.kt:594)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler.access$runSafely(CoroutineScheduler.kt:60)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler$Worker.run(CoroutineScheduler.kt:742)
finished

Process finished with exit code 0

handler不是在根协程中,不能捕获

如果一个子协程会抛出异常,那么对它进行等待时(join或await),包裹一层try catch 会出现意料之外的事

例子4:

fun `test SupervisorHandler exception4`() = runBlocking {
    val handler = CoroutineExceptionHandler { _, throwable ->
        println("caught: $throwable")
    }
    val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.Default)
    val job1 = scope.launch(handler) {
        val job2 = launch {
            delay(1000)
            println("job2 finished")
            throw IllegalArgumentException()
        }

        try {
            job2.join()
        }catch (e:Exception){

        }
//        val job3 = scope.launch {
//            println("job3 finished")
//        }

        println("job delay")
        delay(2000)
        for(i in 0..10){
            println(i)
        }
        println("job finished")
    }


    delay(4000)
    println("finished")
}

结果:
job2 finished
job delay
caught: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
finished

如果把scope根协程中的delay函数注释掉,会怎么样呢?

fun `test SupervisorHandler exception4`() = runBlocking {
    val handler = CoroutineExceptionHandler { _, throwable ->
        println("caught: $throwable")
    }
    val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.Default)
    val job1 = scope.launch(handler) {
        val job2 = launch {
            delay(1000)
            println("job2 finished")
            throw IllegalArgumentException()
        }

        try {
            job2.join()
        }catch (e:Exception){

        }
//        val job3 = scope.launch {
//            println("job3 finished")
//        }

        println("job delay")
//        delay(2000)
        for(i in 0..10){
            println(i)
        }
        println("job finished")
    }


    delay(4000)
    println("finished")
}

结果:
job2 finished
job delay
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
job finished
caught: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException

如果不包裹try catch 那么println("job delay")都不会执行

由例子4和例子5,我们可以推断,如果子协程有异常发生了,我们在等待时捕获异常后,根协程执行了挂起函数,那么它会直接中断,不执行挂起函数以下的代码,如果没有挂起函数,那么后面的代码还是会执行
为了加强验证这点,我们使用Thread.sleep(2000)替换delay函数测试下:

fun `test SupervisorHandler exception4`() = runBlocking {
    val handler = CoroutineExceptionHandler { _, throwable ->
        println("caught: $throwable")
    }
    val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.Default)
    val job1 = scope.launch(handler) {
        val job2 = launch {
            delay(1000)
            println("job2 finished")
            throw IllegalArgumentException()
        }

        try {
            job2.join()
        }catch (e:Exception){

        }
//        val job3 = scope.launch {
//            println("job3 finished")
//        }

        println("job delay")
//        delay(2000)
        Thread.sleep(2000)
        for(i in 0..10){
            println(i)
        }
        println("job finished")
    }


    delay(4000)
    println("finished")
}

结果还是和例子5一样:
job2 finished
job delay
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
job finished
caught: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
finished

Process finished with exit code 0
其实出现这个情况,和我们之前取消协程是一样的,出现异常后会开始取消协程,但是CPU密集型的代码还会执行,但是遇到挂起函数就会抛一个CancellationException,导致协程结束运行,如果我们在挂起函数加上try catch打印,那么我们就可以看到CancellationException了

例子6,把job3的注释放开:

fun `test SupervisorHandler exception4`() = runBlocking {
    val handler = CoroutineExceptionHandler { _, throwable ->
        println("caught: $throwable")
    }
    val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.Default)
    val job1 = scope.launch(handler) {
        val job2 = launch {
            delay(1000)
            println("job2 finished")
            throw IllegalArgumentException()
        }

        try {
            job2.join()
        }catch (e:Exception){

        }
        val job3 = scope.launch {
            println("job3 finished")
        }

        println("job delay")
        delay(2000)
//        Thread.sleep(2000)
        for(i in 0..10){
            println(i)
        }
        println("job finished")
    }


    delay(4000)
    println("finished")
}

结果:

job2 finished
job delay
caught: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
Exception in thread "DefaultDispatcher-worker-1" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
    at com.aruba.mykotlinapplication.coroutine.ExceptionTestKt$test SupervisorHandler exception4$1$job1$1$job2$1.invokeSuspend(exceptionTest.kt:227)
    at kotlin.coroutines.jvm.internal.BaseContinuationImpl.resumeWith(ContinuationImpl.kt:33)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.DispatchedTask.run(Dispatched.kt:238)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler.runSafely(CoroutineScheduler.kt:594)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler.access$runSafely(CoroutineScheduler.kt:60)
    at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler$Worker.run(CoroutineScheduler.kt:742)
finished

Process finished with exit code 0

显然有异常没有被捕获,很明显这个异常是调用job3时输出的,由此又可以推断出,如果在等待任务结束时,任务出现异常并且手动捕获异常后,再启动子协程时,也会抛出异常,并且不可捕获
注意:新版本kotlin已修复这个bug,不会抛出异常了

3.Android中全局异常的处理
最后,感谢动脑学院Jason老师出的kotlin协程教程,得到了很多理解和启发
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