Course 2 - 改善深层神经网络 - 第一周作业(1&2&3) - 1.3梯度校验

1.梯度检查用于判断求导数的结果是否正确

 

1.1实现工具类

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def sigmoid(x):
    """
    Compute the sigmoid of x
 
    Arguments:
    x -- A scalar or numpy array of any size.
 
    Return:
    s -- sigmoid(x)
    """
    s = 1/(1+np.exp(-x))
    return s
 
def relu(x):
    """
    Compute the relu of x
 
    Arguments:
    x -- A scalar or numpy array of any size.
 
    Return:
    s -- relu(x)
    """
    s = np.maximum(0,x)
    
    return s



def dictionary_to_vector(parameters):
    """
    Roll all our parameters dictionary into a single vector satisfying our specific required shape.
    """
    keys = []
    count = 0
    for key in ["W1", "b1", "W2", "b2", "W3", "b3"]:
        
        # flatten parameter
        new_vector = np.reshape(parameters[key], (-1,1))
        keys = keys + [key]*new_vector.shape[0]
        
        if count == 0:
            theta = new_vector
        else:
            theta = np.concatenate((theta, new_vector), axis=0)
        count = count + 1
 
    return theta, keys
 
def vector_to_dictionary(theta):
    """
    Unroll all our parameters dictionary from a single vector satisfying our specific required shape.
    """
    parameters = {}
    parameters["W1"] = theta[:20].reshape((5,4))
    parameters["b1"] = theta[20:25].reshape((5,1))
    parameters["W2"] = theta[25:40].reshape((3,5))
    parameters["b2"] = theta[40:43].reshape((3,1))
    parameters["W3"] = theta[43:46].reshape((1,3))
    parameters["b3"] = theta[46:47].reshape((1,1))
 
    return parameters
 
def gradients_to_vector(gradients):
    """
    Roll all our gradients dictionary into a single vector satisfying our specific required shape.
    """
    
    count = 0
    for key in ["dW1", "db1", "dW2", "db2", "dW3", "db3"]:
        # flatten parameter
        new_vector = np.reshape(gradients[key], (-1,1))
        
        if count == 0:
            theta = new_vector
        else:
            theta = np.concatenate((theta, new_vector), axis=0)
        count = count + 1
 
    return theta

，首先计算在一维空间中的梯度检验，然后实现在3层神经网络中的数据的梯度检验，只是在一次迭代中的梯度检验

#!/usr/bin/env python
# _*_ coding:utf-8 _*_

import numpy as np
import gc_utils


# 1.先用一维线性梯度检验
# 1.1在一维线性中的前向传播
def forward_propagation(x, theta):
    J = np.dot(theta, x)
    return J


# 1.2在以为线性中的反向传播
def backward_propagation(x, theta):
    dtheta = x
    return dtheta


# 2.定义梯度检验函数
def gradient_check(x, theta, epsilon=1e-7):
    thetaplus = theta + epsilon
    thetaminus = theta - epsilon
    J_plus = forward_propagation(x, thetaplus)
    J_minus = forward_propagation(x, thetaminus)
    gradapprox = (J_plus - J_minus) / (2 * epsilon)

    # 检查gradapprox是否足够接近backward_propagation()的输出
    grad = backward_propagation(x, theta)

    numerator = np.linalg.norm(grad - gradapprox)
    denominator = np.linalg.norm(grad) + np.linalg.norm(gradapprox)
    different = numerator / denominator

    if different < 1e-7:
        print("梯度检查：梯度正常")
    else:
        print("梯度检查：梯度超出阈值")

    return different


# 1.3测试
# 测试forward_propagation
# print("-----------------测试forward_propagation-----------------")
# x, theta = 2, 4
# J = forward_propagation(x, theta)
# print ("J = " + str(J))
# # 测试backward_propagation
# print("-----------------测试backward_propagation-----------------")
# x, theta = 2, 4
# dtheta = backward_propagation(x, theta)
# print ("dtheta = " + str(dtheta))
# 测试gradient_check
# print("-----------------测试gradient_check-----------------")
# difference = gradient_check(x, theta)
# print("difference = " + str(difference))

# ===================================2 在3维中的数据变化======================
# 2.1计算3维的前向传播
def forward_propagation_n(X, Y, parameters):
    m = X.shape[1]
    W1 = parameters["W1"]
    b1 = parameters["b1"]
    W2 = parameters["W2"]
    b2 = parameters["b2"]
    W3 = parameters["W3"]
    b3 = parameters["b3"]

    # LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID
    Z1 = np.dot(W1, X) + b1
    A1 = gc_utils.relu(Z1)

    Z2 = np.dot(W2, A1) + b2
    A2 = gc_utils.relu(Z2)

    Z3 = np.dot(W3, A2) + b3
    A3 = gc_utils.sigmoid(Z3)

    # 计算成本
    logprobs = np.multiply(-np.log(A3), Y) + np.multiply(-np.log(1 - A3), 1 - Y)
    cost = (1 / m) * np.sum(logprobs)

    cache = (Z1, A1, W1, b1, Z2, A2, W2, b2, Z3, A3, W3, b3)

    return cost, cache


# 2.2计算3维的后向传播
def backward_propagation_n(X, Y, cache):
    """
    实现图中所示的反向传播。

    参数：
        X - 输入数据点（输入节点数量，1）
        Y - 标签
        cache - 来自forward_propagation_n（）的cache输出

    返回：
        gradients - 一个字典，其中包含与每个参数、激活和激活前变量相关的成本梯度。
    """
    m = X.shape[1]
    (Z1, A1, W1, b1, Z2, A2, W2, b2, Z3, A3, W3, b3) = cache

    dZ3 = A3 - Y
    dW3 = (1. / m) * np.dot(dZ3, A2.T)
    db3 = (1. / m) * np.sum(dZ3, axis=1, keepdims=True)

    dA2 = np.dot(W3.T, dZ3)
    dZ2 = np.multiply(dA2, np.int64(A2 > 0))
    dW2 = (1. / m) * np.dot(dZ2, A1.T)
    db2 = (1. / m) * np.sum(dZ2, axis=1, keepdims=True)

    dA1 = np.dot(W2.T, dZ2)
    dZ1 = np.multiply(dA1, np.int64(A1 > 0))
    dW1 = (1. / m) * np.dot(dZ1, X.T)
    db1 = (1. / m) * np.sum(dZ1, axis=1, keepdims=True)

    gradients = {"dZ3": dZ3, "dW3": dW3, "db3": db3,
                 "dA2": dA2, "dZ2": dZ2, "dW2": dW2, "db2": db2,
                 "dA1": dA1, "dZ1": dZ1, "dW1": dW1, "db1": db1}

    return gradients


# 2.3计算高维的梯度检查
def gradient_check_n(parameters, gradients, X, Y, epsilon=1e-7):
    # 初始化参数
    parameters_values, keys = gc_utils.dictionary_to_vector(parameters)
    grad = gc_utils.gradients_to_vector(gradients)
    num_parameters = parameters_values.shape[0]
    J_plus = np.zeros((num_parameters, 1))
    J_minus = np.zeros((num_parameters, 1))
    gradspprox = np.zeros((num_parameters, 1))

    # 计算gradapprox
    for i in range(num_parameters):
        thetaplus = np.copy(parameters_values)
        thetaplus[i][0] = thetaplus[i][0] + epsilon
        J_plus[i], cache = forward_propagation_n(X, Y, gc_utils.vector_to_dictionary(thetaplus))

        thetaminus = np.copy(parameters_values)
        thetaminus[i][0] = thetaminus[i][0] - epsilon
        J_minus[i], cache = forward_propagation_n(X, Y, gc_utils.vector_to_dictionary(thetaminus))

        gradspprox[i] = (J_plus[i] - J_minus[i]) / (2 * epsilon)

    # 通过计算比较差异gradapprox和后向传播梯度
    numerator = np.linalg.norm(grad - gradspprox)
    denominator = np.linalg.norm(grad) + np.linalg.norm(gradspprox)
    difference = numerator / denominator
    if difference < 1e-7:
        print("梯度检查：梯度正常: " + str(difference))
    else:
        print("梯度检查：范围超出阈值" + str(difference))

    return difference


def gradient_check_n_test_case():
    np.random.seed(1)
    x = np.random.randn(4, 3)
    y = np.array([1, 1, 0])
    W1 = np.random.randn(5, 4)
    b1 = np.random.randn(5, 1)
    W2 = np.random.randn(3, 5)
    b2 = np.random.randn(3, 1)
    W3 = np.random.randn(1, 3)
    b3 = np.random.randn(1, 1)
    parameters = {"W1": W1,
                  "b1": b1,
                  "W2": W2,
                  "b2": b2,
                  "W3": W3,
                  "b3": b3}
    return x, y, parameters


X, Y, parameters = gradient_check_n_test_case()
cost, cache = forward_propagation_n(X, Y, parameters)
gradients = backward_propagation_n(X, Y, cache)
difference = gradient_check_n(parameters, gradients, X, Y, epsilon=1e-6)