英文摘要写作要点及指导

摘要也就是应用文写作的精要：言之有物、避繁就简、八股为梯、返朴归真。

英文摘要写作要素

• 准备简明、完整、独立的文摘
• 简要地陈述文献的目的、方法、结果和结论
• 在有限的篇幅里尽量多容纳文献的内容
• 文摘中定量定性信息应与文献中的相符
• 使用标准英语和准确术语，遵循传统语法和标点规则
• 不要在文摘里出现文献里没有的东西
• 不要在文摘中陈述背景知识和引用他人作品
• 不用非标准的缩写词、符号，也不用图表和其他非文字性材料
• 当不太熟悉的缩写词第一次出现时，应注出全文
• 删去不必要的单词、短语和句子

中文摘要：（1）格式八股化、（2）句式简单化、与（3）概念明确化。然后你就发现其实英文摘要并不难写。中文摘要写得平白易懂，就不难把它翻译成英文，即使你的英文水平有限。

八股模式——即所谓固定格式的摘要。

理想的摘要通常应包括以下主要内容：目的和范围、方法和过程、结果和结论

1、目的和范围目的和范围

多数文摘一开始便简明扼要地说明该研究或实验的目的和范围，或者陈述写这篇文章的原因，有的文摘同时又指出或暗示该项研究的特点、结果和意义。目的和范围要写得具体，要能吸引读者，要给读者留下深刻的印象。在表示目的和范围时，常用下列句型：

• This paper develops a theoretical framework to evaluate the benefits and costs of energy projects in oil-producing developing
  countries.

• This paper presents an approach to equipment reliability prediction based on the concept that failures of electronic equipment are
  ultimately due to chemical, mechanical and/or metallurgical
  processes.

• This paper ( report, thesis，work, presentation, document, account, etc.) describes ( reports, explains, outlines, summarizes,
  documents, evaluates, surveys, develops, investigates, discusses,
  focuses on, analyzes, etc. ) the results (approach, role, framework,
  etc.) of …

• This paper ( article, report, etc.) addresses ( is concerned with, argues, specifies, covers, etc.) the following
  questions…

• This paper has three main objectives…

• This research project is devoted to…

• The objective ( purpose, motivation, etc.) of this paper ( report, program, etc.) is…

• Our goal has been to develop…

目的和范围也常用名词短语前置的句型表示，把重点内容放在最显著的位置加以强调。如：

• Procedures for testing atmospheric transport and dispersion models for distances of several hundred to 1000 km from sources of
  pollutants are reviewed.
• The first known measurement of the differential cross section for electron capture to the continuum (ECC) from atomic hydrogen is presented.

为了使句子平衡而不至于过分的头重脚轻，也常使用下列句式：

• New results are presented of studies of the applicafion of inorganic
  exchangers in the following fields…
• Detailed information is presented about…
• An account is provided of…

方法和过程
在源于实验的论文摘要里，通常需要描述实验的方法和过程，特别要注重描述新方法。当然有时也需要描述基本原理、操作程序及精确度等。
在非源于实验的论文摘要里，如各种评论文章的摘要，可描述资料的来源和资料的处理方法。写这一部分时应采用一些连接手段，诸如词汇手段、语法手段和逻辑承接语等，使之前后连贯，过渡自然，易于理解。这一部分不宜写得太繁琐、太长。有的文摘省掉了这一部分，有的文摘把「方法和过程」与「目的和范围」揉进一个句子。请看下面的例子：

• The method of preparation is based on a chemical bath deposition process during which a cathode potential is applied to the
  substrate.
• The mechanical and cohesion properties of brass plated steel cords have been investigated in dryhydrogen sulphide between 25℃ and 450℃.

结果和结论

结果和结论是科学研究的结晶，是读者普遍关心的问题，是论文、报告等文献的重要部分，在文摘里也应该清楚地表示出来。结果和结论在文摘里不一定要分开陈述，但要注意把推测和事实分开。这里所说的「结果」，包括各种实验和理论方面的结果、收集到的数据以及观察到的新现象等。对于各种新的发现应尽可能准确详尽地写出来。如果有许多发现的话，应首先考虑新的和经过验证的事件、与以前的理论不相符的发现或与实际问题有关的发现。「结论」可以是这些「结果」的价值、用途与意义，也可以是各种假设或建议。文摘中的结果或结论常用下列句型表示。

• It was found that both molecular weight an d its distribution affected tensile strength
• It has been observed (shown, proved , etc.) that…
• These experiments indicate (reveal, show, demonstrate, etc.) that…
• The approach (method, framework, etc.) promises to be very useful for…
• The (experimental) results show (indicate, suggest, etc.)that…
• It is shown (concluded, proposed, etc.)that…
• This could imply that…
• This strategy appeared to be effective in…
• These studies are of significance to …
• These results have direct application to…

英文摘要的文体
一般的英文摘要为 200 词左右的一段文章，用标准的英语、规范的语法和完整的句子，简明扼要地陈述一次文献的目的、方法、结果和结论。文摘自身要完整，可以不依附于一次文献而独立存在。它应尽可能多地包含一次文献的信息，最好能保持一次文献的基调和风格，但不能出现一次文献里没有的东西。由于篇幅的限制，文摘不宜列举例证，不宜引用他人的作品，不宜使用插图和表格。为了提高可读性 (readability)，文摘中应尽量少用或不用非标准的缩写词及符号，方程式和分子式，不宜过多地运用太专业化的术语。好的文摘应是：信息准确，文字精炼，连贯流畅，逻辑性强，通俗易懂，引人人胜。请看下例：

The nature of quality education is to nurture qualified people with creative spirit an ability. The kernel of quality education is individualization accomplishing education.The premise of individualizational accomplishing education is to recognize that every student is unique, and we should conduct special education to every student in accordance with his aptitude, and help every student to develop his own individual characteristics. The key of individualizafional accomplishing education is to make every student be initiative to put the foundation on students, and to treat students as the main part of education. Do not excessively responsive, directing, and demanding to students. Individualizational accomplishing education represents the humanity spirits of modern education.

1**. 文摘的开头**
文摘关系到读者是否阅读文献全文，文摘的开头多种多样。下面这两种方法是比较好的，用得比较普遍。

(1) 用陈述目的和范围的主题句开始。这种方法开门见山，直截了当，使读者一下就抓住文摘的中心。如：

This paper describes recent modeling and experimental studies of
reverse combustion (RC) linking, aimed at understanding the
propagation of dynamics of a RC front.

(2) 在回顾历史或总结现状的基础上提出问题。引出文献的主题。这种方法逻辑性强，丝丝入扣，使读者产生一种非一口气读完，找到解决问题的方法方肯罢休的强烈愿望。如：

Recent research on parallel systems has shown that the most difficult
problem for system designers and users is inter-processor connection
and communication. A methodology for the automated design and
implementation of inter-processor communication for certain
multiple-processor systems has been developed and is presented in this
paper.

2. 文摘的结尾

文摘的结尾如同文摘的开头一样，给人以深刻的印象。文摘的结尾方法多种多样，但下面两种方法使用得比较经常。

(1) 用「结论」结尾。如果是源于实验的论文文摘，常在结尾指出这些实验结果表明什么；如果论文是关于一种新方法、新工艺或新装置，结尾时可指明其用途或价值。如：

The results indicate that the sludge ash could be used as a partial
replacement for cement in concrete. Hot hardness testing promises to
be very useful for geoscientific purposes and applicable to a wide
range of experimental research.

(2) 指出文献中的其他内容。如：

The consequences of changing the timing or volume of the material
requirements are also considered. This paper also includes a
comparison with other flooding studies performed elsewhere.

3. 文摘的人称
绝大多数英文摘要都使用第三人称(但不使用 he 和 she)，间或出现 the author(s)，the writer(s) 和第一人称 we，即使原文献作者只有 1 人，也宜用「we」
而不宜用「I」。请看下面这篇文摘，作者是 Ahmed E. Kamal.

I

In this paper we study local area networks based on the star topology.
We consider different access protocols used for communication over
star networks. The study is concerned with network performance. We
present models for the analysis of existing star network protocols.
We also propose a new access protocol for star networks. The protocol
has a performance that is very close to perfect scheduling. It is
based on using the semaphore mechanism for bandwidth sharing. We also
present an exact performance model for this protocol.

4. 文摘的语态

目前各国出版的英文摘要中，相当一部分用被动语态写成，以减少主观因素，增强客观性。如：

Energy balan ce concepts were used to determine the amount of energy
lost due to damping in a run-arrest fracture event. Possible sources
of damping were identified and experiments were conducted to
determine their relative contribution to the overall damping.

但现在许多科技刊物编辑和语言学家都主张在科技英语写作中使用主动语态。美国国家标准 (American National Standard) 要求科技作者「Useverbs in the active voice whenever posible; they contribute to clear, brief, forceful writing.」

5. 文摘中的缩写词

由于篇幅原因，在学术论文英文摘要中广泛使用缩写词，其使用频率远远超出其他类型的文献。为了不使读者费解，当缩合词第一次出现时，应在它的前面或后面注出全文。例如：

This paper describes a model of residential consumption of natural gas. The model is estimated with two different but parallel data sources: the Energy Infommtion Administration's (EIA) New Energy Price and Expenditure Data System (EPEDS) and data published by the American Gas Association(AGA). These data are supplemented by data for explanatory variables, which are described in the text.

原贴：https://www.howsci.com/tips-for-abstract.html