R包ggplot2作图

一张统计图形就是从数据到几何对象（geometric object,缩写为geom，包括点、线、条形等）的图形属性（aesthetic attributes，缩写为aes，包括颜色、形状、大小等）的一个映射。
此外，图形中还可能包含数据的统计变换（statistical transformation，缩写为stats），最后绘制在某个特定的坐标系（coordinate system，缩写为coord）中，而分面则可以用来生成数据不同子集的图形。总而言之，一张统计图形就是由上述这些独立的图形部件所组成的。

1.  数据映射

library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)

data(diamonds)
set.seed(1234)
diamond <- diamonds[sample(nrow(diamonds), 2000), ]
head(diamond)

### aes() 数据中的变量映射到几何图形的视觉特性
p <- ggplot(data = diamond, mapping = aes(x = carat, y = price))
p+geom_point() #绘制点图
ggplot(diamond, aes(carat,price))+geom_point()

# 设置点的形状和颜色
p <- ggplot(data=diamonds, mapping=aes(x=carat, y=price,
                                      shape=cut,colour=color))
p+geom_point()

ggplot(data = mpg) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, colour = displ < 5))

# 设置分组
p <- ggplot(data=diamonds, mapping=aes(x=carat, y=price, group=factor(cut)))
p+geom_boxplot()

# 控制点的透明度, 一般是连续值
ggplot(data = mpg) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, alpha = cty))

2. 几何对象

# geom_point() #绘制点图
# geom_boxplot() #箱式图
# geom_histogram()  # 直方图
# geom_bar()  # 柱状图
# geom_smooth()

#绘制点图
p <- ggplot(data=diamond, mapping=aes(x=carat, y=price, 
                                      shape=cut,colour=color))
p+geom_point() 

ggplot(mpg, aes(displ, hwy)) + geom_point()

ggplot(data = mpg) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy))

# 趋势图
ggplot(data = mpg) + 
  geom_smooth(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy))

ggplot(data = mpg) + 
  geom_smooth(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy))

ggplot(data = mpg) + 
  geom_smooth(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, 
                            linetype = drv))

ggplot(data = mpg) +
  geom_smooth(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, color = drv),
              show.legend = FALSE)

# 点图加趋势图
ggplot(data = mpg) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) +
  geom_smooth(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy))

ggplot(data = mpg, mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(color = class)) + 
  geom_smooth()

ggplot(data = mpg, mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(color = class)) + 
  geom_smooth(data = dplyr::filter(mpg, class == "subcompact"), se = FALSE)
# se:Display confidence interval around smooth? TRUE by default.

# 柱状图
ggplot(data = diamonds) + 
  geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cut))
ggplot(data = diamonds) + 
  stat_count(mapping = aes(x = cut))

# 重写stat，根据值（如1610）来作图
demo <- tribble(
  ~cut,         ~freq,
  "Fair",       1610,
  "Good",       4906,
  "Very Good",  12082,
  "Premium",    13791,
  "Ideal",      21551
)
ggplot(data = demo) +
  geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cut, y = freq), stat = "identity")

# 分组统计图
ggplot(data = diamonds) + 
  stat_summary(
    mapping = aes(x = cut, y = depth),
    fun.min = min,
    fun.max = max,
    fun = median
  )

# position adjustment
ggplot(data = diamonds) + 
  geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cut, colour = cut)) # 改变外框颜色
ggplot(data = diamonds) + 
  geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cut, fill = cut))  # 改变填充颜色

ggplot(data = diamonds) + 
  geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cut, fill = clarity)) # 按另一变量比例加颜色
# 默认：position = "stack"

ggplot(data = diamonds) + 
  geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cut, fill = clarity), position = "fill")

ggplot(data = diamonds) + 
  geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cut, fill = clarity), position = "dodge")

ggplot(data = diamonds, mapping = aes(x = cut, fill = clarity)) + 
  geom_bar(alpha = 1/5,position = "identity")

ggplot(data = diamonds, mapping = aes(x = cut, colour = clarity)) + 
  geom_bar(fill = NA, position = "identity")

# 加少量随机噪声使点分散开来,防止overplotting
ggplot(data = mpg) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy), position = "jitter")

3. 坐标轴

#设置横纵坐标的范围
p1 <- ggplot(mpg, aes(displ, hwy)) +
  geom_point()

p1 + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(2, 6))+
  scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 40))

p1 + scale_x_continuous(
  breaks = c(2, 4, 6),
  label = c("two", "four", "six")
)

# 横纵坐标轴交换
ggplot(data = mpg, mapping = aes(x = class, y = hwy)) + 
  geom_boxplot() +
  coord_flip()
# 转化为极坐标
ggplot(data = mpg, mapping = aes(x = class, y = hwy)) + 
  geom_boxplot() + 
  coord_polar()

4. 分面

#分面(Facet)
ggplot(data = mpg) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) + 
  facet_wrap(~ class, nrow = 2)

ggplot(data = mpg) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) + 
  facet_grid(drv ~ cyl)

# ggplot(data = mpg) + 
#   geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) +
#   facet_grid(~ cyl)
# 
# ggplot(data = mpg) + 
#   geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) +
#   facet_wrap(.~ cyl,nrow=1)

# facet变量为行排列
ggplot(data = mpg) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) +
  facet_grid(drv ~ .)
# facet变量为列排列
ggplot(data = mpg) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) +
  facet_grid(.~ drv)

5. 主题

### 主题(Theme) theme
# theme_gray() # 默认
# theme_bw()
# theme_linedraw()
# theme_light()
# theme_dark()
# theme_minimal()
# theme_void()
# theme_test() #常用于学术期刊
# theme_classic()#常用于学术期刊

ggplot(data = mpg) +
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, col = class, shape = class)) + 
  theme_classic() + 
  labs(title = "classic theme")+  theme(legend.position = "none")

ggplot(data = mpg) +
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, col = class, shape = class)) + 
  theme_linedraw() + 
  labs(title = "theme_linedraw",tag = "A")+  theme(legend.position = "top")

更多作图方法请参考：

https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/ggplot2/versions/3.3.5

https://r4ds.had.co.nz/data-visualisation.html#the-mpg-data-frame