参考书目：Ray Tracing in a weekend
参考博文：https://blog.csdn.net/libing_zeng/article/details/54882373
完整代码：https://github.com/DXT00/RayTracing-in-a-Weekend/tree/master/RayTracing
Chapter 5: Surface normals and multiple objects
考虑法向量:
需要求出Ray与Sphere的交点，如果存在焦点，我们只取最近的一个点。
焦点与球心的Vector既为法向量N
float hit_sphere(Ray r, Vector center, float radius) {
Vector oc = r.origin - center;
float a = r.direction.dot(r.direction);
float b = 2 * oc.dot(r.direction);
float c = oc.dot(oc) - radius * radius;
float delta = b * b - 4 * a*c;
if (delta < 0)
return -1;
else
return (-b - sqrt(delta))*0.5;
}
Vector color( Ray&r) {
//if hit
float t = hit_sphere(r, Vector(0, 0, -1), 0.5);
Vector N = (r.getPoint(t) - Vector(0, 0, -1)).normalize();
if (t>0)
return Vector(N.x+1,N.y+1,N.z+1)*0.5;
//Draw background
Vector unit_direction = r.direction.normalize();
t = 0.5*(unit_direction.y+1.0);
return Vector(1, 1, 1)*(1 - t) + Vector(0.5, 0.7, 1)*t;
}
设置hitable类
由于可能有多个object，设置hitable类方便存取hit信息，如法向量，交点，切平面等
#ifndef HITABLEH
#define HITABLEH
#include "ray.h"
struct hit_record {
float t;
Vector p;
Vector normal;//法向量
};
class hitable
{
public:
virtual bool hit(const Ray &r, float t_min, float t_max, hit_record& rec)const = 0;
};
#endif // !HITABLEH
hitable_list 存储所有可能碰撞的object
class hitable_list:public hitable
{
public:
hitable_list(){}
hitable_list(hitable **list,int n):list(list),list_size(n){}
hitable **list;
int list_size;
virtual bool hit(Ray &r, float t_min, float t_max, hit_record& rec)const;
};
main函数变为：
Vector color( Ray&r,hitable_list *hit_list) {
//if hit
//hitable_list hit_list;
hit_record hit_rec;
float t;
if (hit_list->hit(r, 0.0, MAXFLOAT, hit_rec)) {
//t = hit_rec.t;
Vector N = hit_rec.normal;
return Vector(N.x + 1, N.y + 1, N.z + 1)*0.5;
}
//Draw background
Vector unit_direction = r.direction.normalize();
t = 0.5*(unit_direction.y+1.0);
return Vector(1, 1, 1)*(1 - t) + Vector(0.5, 0.7, 1)*t;
}
int main() {
ofstream ofile("c:\\Users\\DXT00\\Desktop\\Graphics\\RayTracing\\ppm.txt");
//ofile.open
int nx = 200;
int ny = 100;
ofile << "P3\n" << nx << " " << ny << "\n255\n";
Vector low_left_corner(-2.0, -1.0, -1.0);
Vector horizontal(4, 0, 0);
Vector vertical(0, 2, 0);
Vector origin(0, 0, 0);
hitable *list[2];
Material *m1 = new Material();
Material *m2 = new Material();
list[0] = new Sphere(Vector(0, 0, -1), 0.5, m1);
list[1] = new Sphere(Vector(0, 0.5, -1), 0.5, m2);
hitable_list *hit_list=new hitable_list(list, 2);
for (int j = ny-1; j>=0;j--)
{
for (int i = 0; i < nx; i++)
{
float u = float(i) / float(nx);
float v = float(j) / float(ny);
Ray r(origin, low_left_corner + horizontal*u + vertical*v);
Vector col = color(r, hit_list);
int ir = (int(255.99*col.x));
int ig = (int(255.99*col.y));
int ib = (int(255.99*col.z));
//cout << ir << " " << ig << " " << ib << "\n";
//if(ofile.is_open())
ofile << ir << " " << ig << " " << ib << endl;
}
}
ofile.close();
}
Chapter 6: Antialiasing
添加Camera类并消除锯齿
对每隔像素点周围随机做100次平均
class Camera
{
public:
Camera() {
low_left_corner = Vector(-2.0, -1.0, -1.0);
horizontal= Vector(4, 0, 0);
vertical = Vector(0, 2, 0);
origin = Vector(0, 0, 0);
}
Vector low_left_corner;
Vector horizontal;
Vector vertical;
Vector origin;
Ray getRay(float u, float v) {
return Ray(origin, low_left_corner + horizontal * u + vertical * v - origin);
}
};
int main() {
ofstream ofile("c:\\Users\\DXT00\\Desktop\\Graphics\\RayTracing\\ppm.txt");
//ofile.open
srand(time(0));
int nx = 200;
int ny = 100;
int ns = 100;//边界模糊，随机采样100次
ofile << "P3\n" << nx << " " << ny << "\n255\n";
Camera camera;
hitable *list[2];
Material *m1 = new Material();
Material *m2 = new Material();
list[0] = new Sphere(Vector(0, 0, -1), 0.5, m1);
list[1] = new Sphere(Vector(0, 0.5, -1), 0.5, m2);
hitable_list *hit_list=new hitable_list(list, 2);
for (int j = ny-1; j>=0;j--)
{
for (int i = 0; i < nx; i++)
{
Vector col(0,0,0);
for (int k = 0; k < ns; k++)
{
float u = float(i+ rand() % 100 / (float)101) / float(nx);
float v = float(j+ rand() % 100 / (float)101) / float(ny);
Ray r = camera.getRay(u, v);
col=col+ color(r, hit_list);
}
col = col / ns;
int ir = (int(255.99*col.x));
int ig = (int(255.99*col.y));
int ib = (int(255.99*col.z));
ofile << ir << " " << ig << " " << ib << endl;
}
}
ofile.close();
}
Chapter 7: Diffuse Materia
漫反射介质
注意：漫射材料的反射光线的方向是随机的，法向量是单位向量
怎么模拟一个随机方向的向量呢？
在交点处单位法向量的基础上加上一个长度小于1的随机向量。
生成长度小于1的随机向量：
Vector random_unit_direction() {
Vector r;
do
{
r = Vector(rand() % 100 / (float)100, rand() % 100 / (float)100, rand() % 100 / (float)100)*2.0 - Vector(1, 1, 1);
} while (r.Length() >= 1.0);
return r;
}
递归求反射颜色：
漫射材料不发光，只吸收和反射环境的光（反射光的方向是随机的），所以将漫射材料的球体的颜色设置为背景颜色乘以某系数是合理的。系数怎么确定呢？光线每被反射一次*1/2（因为光线没被反射一次会被吸收一半）。
Vector color( Ray r,hitable_list *hit_list) {
//if hit
//hitable_list hit_list;
hit_record hit_rec;
float t;
if (hit_list->hit(r, 0.0, MAXFLOAT, hit_rec)) {
t = hit_rec.t;
Vector OP = hit_rec.p;
Vector PS = hit_rec.normal;
Vector OE = random_unit_direction();
Vector reflect = PS + OE;
Ray reflect_ray = Ray(OP, reflect);
/*return Vector(N.x + 1, N.y + 1, N.z + 1)*0.5;*/
return color(reflect_ray, hit_list)*0.5;
}
else {
//Draw background
Vector unit_direction = r.direction.normalize();
float t_ = 0.5*(unit_direction.y + 1.0);
return Vector(1, 1, 1)*(1 - t_) + Vector(0.5, 0.7, 1)*t_;
}
}
将流程反过来看一遍：
1，起点为原点的光线撞击球C，获得撞击点P和单位法向量PS。
2，产生一个“起点在原点，长度小于1，方向随机”的向量OE。
3，OP+PS+OE-OP=PM，PM即为漫射材料的球体在P点的随机反射方向向量。
4，反射光线是以P为起点，PM为方向向量，所以，我们可以获得反射光线的方程
5，让反射光线去撞击其他球吧（回到第一步）
颜色太黑，进行gamma校正
Note the shadowing under the sphere. This picture is very dark, but our spheres only absorb
half the energy on each bounce, so they are 50% reflectors. If you can’t see the shadow, don’t
worry, we will fix that now. These spheres should look pretty light (in real life, a light grey). The
reason for this is that almost all image viewers assume that the image is “gamma corrected”,
meaning the 0 to 1 values have some transform before being stored as a byte. There are many
good reasons for that, but for our purposes we just need to be aware of it. To a first
approximation, we can use “gamma 2” which means raising the color to the power 1/gamma, or
in our simple case ½, which is just square-root:
for (int j = ny-1; j>=0;j--)
{
for (int i = 0; i < nx; i++)
{
Vector col(0,0,0);
for (int k = 0; k < ns; k++)
{
float u = float(i+ rand() % 100 / (float)101) / float(nx);
float v = float(j+ rand() % 100 / (float)101) / float(ny);
Ray r = camera.getRay(u, v);
col=col+ color(r, hit_list);
}
col = col / float(ns);
//gamma校正，让颜色不那么黑
col = Vector(sqrt(col.x), sqrt(col.y), sqrt(col.z));
int ir = (int(255.99*col.x));
int ig = (int(255.99*col.y));
int ib = (int(255.99*col.z));
ofile << ir << " " << ig << " " << ib << endl;
}
}
Chapter 8: Metal
添加material类，不同的material反射方式不同。
class Material
{
public:
Material() {};
virtual bool scatter(Ray &r_in,hit_record &rec, Vector& attenuation, Ray& scattered)const = 0;
};
class lambertain:public Material
{
public:
lambertain(const Vector&a) :albedo(a) {};
virtual bool scatter(Ray &r_in, hit_record &rec, Vector& attenuation, Ray& scattered)const;
Vector albedo;
};
class mental:public Material
{
public:
mental(const Vector&a) :albedo(a){}
virtual bool scatter(Ray &r_in, hit_record& rec, Vector& attenuation, Ray& scattered)const;
Vector albedo;
};
前面我们所做的是漫反射，现在看看镜面反射：
反射向量: F=V+2*B,计算过程如下：
material.cpp
bool lambertain::scatter(Ray &r_in, hit_record &rec, Vector& attenuation, Ray& scattered)const {
Vector target = rec.p + rec.normal + random_unit_direction();
scattered = Ray(rec.p, target - rec.p);
attenuation = albedo;
return true;
}
bool mental::scatter(Ray &r_in, hit_record& rec, Vector& attenuation, Ray& scattered)const {
Vector unit_r_direction = r_in.direction.normalize();
Vector target = unit_r_direction - rec.normal*2.0*(unit_r_direction.dot(rec.normal));
scattered = Ray(rec.p, target);
attenuation = albedo;
return(scattered.direction.dot(rec.normal) > 0);//保证反射vector和法向量间的角度<90度
}
main color函数改为：
Vector color( Ray r,hitable_list *hit_list,int time) {
//if hit
//hitable_list hit_list;
hit_record hit_rec;
float t;
if (hit_list->hit(r, 0.00001, MAXFLOAT, hit_rec)) {
t = hit_rec.t;
Material *mater = hit_rec.material;
Ray reflect_ray;// = Ray(OP, reflect);
Vector attenuation;
if(time<50&&mater->scatter(r,hit_rec,attenuation,reflect_ray))
return color(reflect_ray, hit_list,time+1)*attenuation;
else {
return Vector(0, 0, 0);
}
}
else {
//Draw background
Vector unit_direction = r.direction.normalize();
float t_ = 0.5*(unit_direction.y + 1.0);
return Vector(1, 1, 1)*(1 - t_) + Vector(0.5, 0.7, 1)*t_;
}
}
int main() {
ofstream ofile("c:\\Users\\DXT00\\Desktop\\Graphics\\RayTracing\\ppm.txt");
//ofile.open
srand(time(0));
int nx = 400;
int ny = 200;
int ns = 100;//边界模糊，随机采样100次
ofile << "P3\n" << nx << " " << ny << "\n255\n";
Camera camera;
hitable *list[4];
Material *m1 = new mental(Vector(0.5, 0.5, 0.5));
Material *m2 = new lambertain(Vector(0.5,0.1,0.1));
Material *m3 = new lambertain(Vector(0.1, 0.1, 0.2));
Material *m4 = new mental(Vector(0.4, 0.4, 0.2));
list[0] = new Sphere(Vector(0, 0, -1), 0.5, m1);
list[1] = new Sphere(Vector(1, 0, -1), 0.5, m3);
list[2] = new Sphere(Vector(0, -100.5, -1), 100, m2);
list[3] = new Sphere(Vector(-0.7, 0, -1), 0.2, m4);
hitable_list *hit_list=new hitable_list(list, 4);
for (int j = ny-1; j>=0;j--)
{
for (int i = 0; i < nx; i++)
{
Vector col(0,0,0);
for (int k = 0; k < ns; k++)
{
float u = float(i+ rand() % 100 / (float)101) / float(nx);
float v = float(j+ rand() % 100 / (float)101) / float(ny);
Ray r = camera.getRay(u, v);
col=col+ color(r, hit_list,0);
}
col = col / float(ns);
//gamma校正，让颜色不那么黑
col = Vector(sqrt(col.x), sqrt(col.y), sqrt(col.z));
int ir = (int(255.99*col.x));
int ig = (int(255.99*col.y));
int ib = (int(255.99*col.z));
ofile << ir << " " << ig << " " << ib << endl;
}
}
ofile.close();
}
Chapter 9: Dielectrics
电介质
Clear materials such as water, glass, and diamonds are dielectrics. When a light ray hits them, it
splits into a reflected ray and a refracted (transmitted) ray. We’ll handle that by randomly
choosing between reflection or refraction and only generating one scattered ray per interaction.
The refraction is described by Snell’s law:
n sin(theta) = n’ sin(theta’)
Where n and n’ are the refractive indices (typically air = 1, glass = 1.3-1.7, diamond = 2.4) and
the geometry is:
计算折射向量：
Ray从电介质到空气 与 从空气到介质有两个变量不同：
1.n1/n2
2.N’方向
class dielectrics:public Material
{
public:
dielectrics(float ref):ref_idx(ref){}
virtual bool scatter(Ray &r_in, hit_record& rec, Vector& attenuation, Ray& scattered)const;
virtual bool refract(Ray & r_in, Vector & rec_normal_, float nin_to_nout, Vector & refracted) const;
float ref_idx;
};
bool dielectrics::refract(Ray & r_in, Vector & rec_normal_,float nin_to_nout, Vector & refracted) const
{
Vector I = r_in.direction.normalize();
float cos_a1 = -(I.dot(rec_normal_)) ;
float discriminant = 1.0 - (1 - cos_a1 * cos_a1)*nin_to_nout*nin_to_nout;
if (discriminant > 0) {
refracted = I * nin_to_nout + rec_normal_ *(nin_to_nout*cos_a1 - sqrt(discriminant));
//=(I+rec_normal_*cos_a1)*nin_to_nout -rec_normal_*sqrt(discriminant)
return true;
}
else
return false;
}
bool dielectrics::scatter(Ray & r_in, hit_record & rec, Vector & attenuation, Ray & scattered) const
{
attenuation = Vector(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
Vector reflected = reflect(r_in.direction, rec.normal);
float nin_to_nout;// = (rec.normal.dot(r_in.direction) <= 0) ? 1.0 / ref_idx : ref_idx;
Vector normal_; //= <= 0) ? rec.normal : -rec.normal;
if (rec.normal.dot(r_in.direction) > 0){//从电介质到空气
nin_to_nout=ref_idx;
normal_ = -rec.normal;
}
else {//从空气到电介质
nin_to_nout = 1.0/ref_idx;
normal_ = rec.normal;
}
Vector refracted;
if (refract(r_in, normal_, nin_to_nout, refracted)) {
scattered = Ray(rec.p, refracted);
}
else {
scattered = Ray(rec.p, reflected);
return false;
}
return true;
}
Chapter 10: Positionable camera
设置Camera类：
vfov–广角角度
aspect–画布宽长比
class Camera
{
public:
Camera(float vfov,float aspect) {//aspect = nx/ny
canvas_z = -1.0;
float theta = vfov * M_PI / 180;
float half_height = abs(canvas_z)*tan(theta / 2.0);
float half_width = aspect * half_height;
low_left_corner = Vector(-half_width, -half_height, canvas_z);
horizontal= Vector(2*half_width, 0, 0);
vertical = Vector(0, 2*half_height, 0);
origin = Vector(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
}
Vector low_left_corner;
Vector horizontal;
Vector vertical;
Vector origin;
float canvas_z;
Ray getRay(float u, float v) {
return Ray(origin, low_left_corner + horizontal * u + vertical * v - origin);
}
};
vfov=60
vfov=120
Chapter 11: Defocus Blur
因此长和宽都要乘以 dist_to_focus
camara.h变为：
Camera(Vector lookfrom, Vector lookat, Vector vup, float vfov, float aspect,float aperture_,float dist_to_focus) { // vfov is top to bottom in degrees
float theta = vfov * M_PI / 180;
float half_height = tan(theta / 2)*dist_to_focus;
float half_width = aspect * half_height;
origin = lookfrom;
aperture = aperture_;
w = (lookfrom - lookat).normalize();
u = vup.cross( w).normalize();
v = w.cross( u);
lower_left_corner = origin - u* half_width - v*half_height - w*dist_to_focus;
horizontal = u*2 * half_width;
vertical = v *2 * half_height;
}
Ray getRay(float s, float t) {
Vector rd = random_unit_direction()*aperture;
Vector offset = u*rd.x +v *rd.y;
return Ray(origin+offset, lower_left_corner + horizontal*s + vertical*t - (origin +offset));
}
Vector u, v, w;
Vector lower_left_corner;
Vector horizontal;
Vector vertical;
Vector origin;
float aperture;
};
aperture=0.5
aperture=1
aperture=2
未完待续。。。
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