1 定义
- 矩阵中最高阶非零子行列式的阶数称为矩阵的秩,记为 r ( A ) r(\boldsymbol{A}) r(A)。
- 若存在 k k k 阶子行列式不为0️⃣,任意 k + 1 k+1 k+1 阶子行列式(如果有的话)全为0️⃣,则 r ( A ) = k r(\boldsymbol{A})=k r(A)=k。
- r ( A n × n ) = n r(\boldsymbol{A}_{n\times n})=n r(An×n)=n ↔️ ∣ A ∣ ≠ 0 |\boldsymbol{A}| \neq 0 ∣A∣=0 ↔️ A \boldsymbol{A} A 可逆
2 本质
- 组成该矩阵的线形无关向量的个数
3 初等变换不改变矩阵的秩
- 设 A \boldsymbol{A} A 是 m × n m\times n m×n 矩阵, P P P 和 Q Q Q 分别是 m m m 阶和 n n n 阶可逆矩阵,则 r ( A ) = r ( P A ) = r ( A Q ) = r ( P A Q ) r(\boldsymbol{A})=r(\boldsymbol{PA})=r(\boldsymbol{AQ})=r(\boldsymbol{PAQ}) r(A)=r(PA)=r(AQ)=r(PAQ)。
4 有关秩的等式和不等式
A
: 0 ≤ r ( A ) ≤ min { m , n } 0\leq r(\boldsymbol{A})\leq \min\{m,n\} 0≤r(A)≤min{m,n}A+B
: r ( A + B ) ≤ r ( A ) + r ( B ) r(\boldsymbol{A}+\boldsymbol{B})\leq r(\boldsymbol{A})+r(\boldsymbol{B}) r(A+B)≤r(A)+r(B)k
: r ( k A ) = r ( A ) ( k ≠ 0 ) r(k\boldsymbol{A})=r(\boldsymbol{A})(k \neq 0) r(kA)=r(A)(k=0)AB
: r ( A ) + r ( B ) − n ≤ r ( A B ) ≤ min { r ( A ) , r ( B ) } r(\boldsymbol{A})+r(\boldsymbol{B})-n\leq r(\boldsymbol{AB})\leq\min\{r(\boldsymbol{A}),r(\boldsymbol{B})\} r(A)+r(B)−n≤r(AB)≤min{r(A),r(B)},当 A B = O \boldsymbol{AB}=\boldsymbol{O} AB=O, r ( A ) + r ( B ) ≤ n r(\boldsymbol{A})+r(\boldsymbol{B})\leq n r(A)+r(B)≤n, n n n 是 A \boldsymbol{A} A 的列数或 B \boldsymbol{B} B 的行数。T
: r ( A ) = r ( A T ) = r ( A A T ) = r ( A T A ) r(\boldsymbol{A})=r(\boldsymbol{A}^T)=r(\boldsymbol{A}\boldsymbol{A}^T)=r(\boldsymbol{A}^T\boldsymbol{A}) r(A)=r(AT)=r(AAT)=r(ATA)-1
: A \boldsymbol{A} A 为 n n n 阶方阵, r ( A − 1 ) = r ( A ∗ ) r(\boldsymbol{A^{-1}})=r(\boldsymbol{A^*}) r(A−1)=r(A∗)*
: A \boldsymbol{A} A 为 n n n 阶方阵, r ( A ∗ ) = { n , r ( A ) = n 1 , r ( A ) = n − 1 0 , r ( A ) < n − 1 r(\boldsymbol{A}^*)=\begin{cases}n,\ r(\boldsymbol{A})=n\\1,\ r(\boldsymbol{A})=n-1\\0,\ r(\boldsymbol{A})<n-1\end{cases} r(A∗)=⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧n, r(A)=n1, r(A)=n−10, r(A)<n−1AOOB
: r ( [ A O O B ] ) = r ( A ) + r ( B ) r\left(\left[\begin{matrix}\boldsymbol{A}&\boldsymbol{O}\\ \boldsymbol{O}&\boldsymbol{B}\end{matrix}\right]\right) = r(\boldsymbol{A})+r(\boldsymbol{B}) r([AOOB])=r(A)+r(B)AOCB
: r ( A ) + r ( B ) ≤ r ( [ A O C B ] ) ≤ r ( A ) + r ( B ) + r ( C ) r(\boldsymbol{A})+r(\boldsymbol{B}) \leq r\left(\left[\begin{matrix}\boldsymbol{A}&\boldsymbol{O}\\ \boldsymbol{C}&\boldsymbol{B}\end{matrix}\right]\right) \leq r(\boldsymbol{A})+r(\boldsymbol{B})+r(\boldsymbol{C}) r(A)+r(B)≤r([ACOB])≤r(A)+r(B)+r(C)A^2=A
: 若 A \boldsymbol{A} A 为 n n n 阶方阵并且 A 2 = A \boldsymbol{A}^2=\boldsymbol{A} A2=A,则 r ( A ) + r ( E − A ) = n r(\boldsymbol{A})+r(\boldsymbol{E}-\boldsymbol{A})=n r(A)+r(E−A)=n。A^2=E
: 若 A \boldsymbol{A} A 为 n n n 阶方阵并且 A 2 = E \boldsymbol{A}^2=\boldsymbol{E} A2=E, r ( A + E ) + r ( A − E ) = n r(\boldsymbol{A} + \boldsymbol{E}) + r(\boldsymbol{A} - \boldsymbol{E}) = n r(A+E)+r(A−E)=n。- r ( A ) ≤ r ( [ A , α ] ) ≤ r ( [ A α α T 0 ] ) r(\boldsymbol{A}) \leq r([\boldsymbol{A},\boldsymbol{\alpha}]) \leq r\left(\begin{bmatrix} \boldsymbol{A} & \boldsymbol{\alpha}\\ \boldsymbol{\alpha^T} & 0 \end{bmatrix} \right) r(A)≤r([A,α])≤r([AαTα0])