- α = [ a 1 , a 2 , ⋯ , a n ] T , β = [ b 1 , b 2 , ⋯ , b n ] T \boldsymbol{\alpha}=\begin{bmatrix} a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n \end{bmatrix}^T,\boldsymbol{\beta}=\begin{bmatrix} b_1,b_2,\cdots,b_n \end{bmatrix}^T α=[a1,a2,⋯,an]T,β=[b1,b2,⋯,bn]T
- 内积： ( α , β ) = α T β = ∑ i = 1 n a i b i = a 1 b 1 + a 2 b 2 + ⋯ + a n b n (\boldsymbol{\alpha},\boldsymbol{\beta}) = \boldsymbol{\alpha}^T\boldsymbol{\beta} = \sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}a_ib_i = a_1b_1+a_2b_2+\cdots+a_nb_n (α,β)=αTβ=i=1∑naibi=a1b1+a2b2+⋯+anbn
- 模： ∥ α ∥ = α T α = ∑ i = 1 n a i 2 = a 1 2 + a 2 2 + ⋯ + a n 2 \begin{Vmatrix} \boldsymbol{\alpha} \end{Vmatrix} = \sqrt{\boldsymbol{\alpha}^T\boldsymbol{\alpha}} = \sqrt{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}a_i^2} = \sqrt{a_1^2+a_2^2+\cdots+a_n^2} ∥∥α∥∥=
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