体素CVPR2019（二）DeepSDF: Learning Continuous Signed Distance Functions for Shape Representation

原文：DeepSDF: Learning Continuous Signed Distance Functions for Shape Representation
代码：Github

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Abstract

       计算机图形学已经提出多种方法来表示3D几何图形。本文提出 DeepSDF (一个可学习有符号的连续距离函数SDF) 来表示3D形状，它能从部分和有噪声的3D输入数据中生成高质量的shape。

       原理：通过连续的体积场表示形状的表面，场内点的大小即幅值表示其到表面的距离，符号表示在场外(+) 还是场内(-)；解析形式或离散的体素形式的传统SDF通常只能表示某个形状，而DeepSDF可以表示一类形状，即：拿手来举例，SDF只能表示某个手的某个形态；而DeepSDF可以将手的所有形态都能表示出来。

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1. Modeling SDFs with Neural Networks

       该章节通过神经网络来得到SDF，由于SDF本身是一个把离散位置的点映射到一个距离值上的函数，该值的符号表示了该点在表面的内部还是外部. 一般用SDF = 0处表示surface。 因此该方法主要是通过深度网络来生成一个从离散点到 连续有符号距离函数(SDF) 的映射函数，没有voxelization的过程。由于离散化受 卷积参数大小 和 grid精度 所约束, 相比之下DeepSDF方法更加灵活。

                                   $SDF(x)=s:x\in {\mathbb{R}}^3,s\in \mathbb{R}$

       关键思想则是利用深度神经网络从点直接回归到连续SDF，输出给定位置的SDF值，表面的值为0。

       理论上说，深度前馈神经网络能学到任意精度的完全连续函数，如Fig. 3a 所示：

       给定目标形状，用3D点位置 $\mathbf{x}$ 以及SDF值 $s$ 来组成 $X$：

                                                  X = { ( x , s ) : S D F ( x ) = s } X=\{(\boldsymbol{x}, s): S D F(\boldsymbol{x})=s\} X={(x,s):SDF(x)=s}

       在训练集 S 上训练多层全连接神经网络 $f_{\theta }$ 的参数 $\theta$，使 $f_{\theta }$ 成为目标域Ω中给定 SDF 的良好逼近器，即：

                                                 $f_{\theta }(\mathbf{x})\approx \mathrm{SDF}(\mathbf{x}),\forall \mathbf{x}\in \Omega$

       用L1损失函数来进行：

                            $\mathcal{L}\left(f_{\theta }(\mathbf{x}),s\right)=\left|\mathrm{clamp}\left(f_{\theta }(\mathbf{x}),\delta \right)-\mathrm{clamp}(s,\delta )\right|$，其中 $\mathrm{clamp}(x,\delta ):=\min (\delta ,\max (-\delta ,x))$

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2. Learning the Latent Space of Shapes

       该章节则是学习形状隐式空间，即 $code$，由于针对一个shape来学习一个网络是很不实用的，因此本文引入隐式向量 $z$ 代表目标形状的隐式密码，此时如Fig. 3b所示：用3D点位置 $\mathbf{x}$ 以及 隐式密码 $z$ 作为输入，此处与上面同理，使得：

                                                        $f_{\theta }\left({\mathbf{z}}_i,\mathbf{x}\right)\approx {\mathrm{SDF}}^i(\mathbf{x})$，其中 $i$ 指的是第$i$个目标形状

       这一部分的隐式密码 ${\mathbf{z}}_i$ 采用自解码器来得到，给定N个shape，每个shape有K个点，输入的为：$X_i=\left\{\left({\mathbf{x}}_j,s_j\right):s_j=SD{F}^i\left({\mathbf{x}}_j\right)\right\}$，那么根据概率论则有：

                                   $p_{\theta }\left({\mathbf{z}}_i\mid X_i\right)=p\left({\mathbf{z}}_i\right){\prod }_{\left({\mathbf{x}}_j,{\mathbf{s}}_j\right)\in X_i}{p}_{\theta }\left({\mathbf{s}}_j\mid z_i;{\mathbf{x}}_j\right)$

                                   $p_{\theta }\left({\mathbf{s}}_j\mid z_i;{\mathbf{x}}_j\right)=\exp \left(-\mathcal{L}\left(f_{\theta }\left({\mathbf{z}}_i,{\mathbf{x}}_j\right),s_j\right)\right)$

       在训练阶段，通过下式来优化 $\theta$ 以及 ${\mathbf{z}}_i$：

                             arg ⁡ min ⁡ θ , { z i } i = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( ∑ j = 1 K L ( f θ ( z i , x j ) , s j ) + 1 σ 2 ∥ z i ∥ 2 2 ) \underset{\theta,\left\{\boldsymbol{z}_{i}\right\}_{i=1}^{N}}{\arg \min } \sum_{i=1}^{N}\left(\sum_{j=1}^{K} \mathcal{L}\left(f_{\theta}\left(\boldsymbol{z}_{i}, \boldsymbol{x}_{j}\right), \boldsymbol{s}_{j}\right)+\frac{1}{\sigma^{2}}\left\|\boldsymbol{z}_{i}\right\|_{2}^{2}\right) θ,{zi​}i=1N​argmin​∑i=1N​(∑j=1K​L(fθ​(zi​,xj​),sj​)+σ21​∥zi​∥22​)

       在推理阶段则是固定 $\theta$ ，${\mathbf{z}}_i$可以通过 Maximum-aPosterior (MAP) estimation来得到，即：

                            $\hat{\mathbf{z}}=\underset{\mathbf{z}}{\mathrm{argmin}}{\sum }_{\left({\mathbf{x}}_j,{\mathbf{s}}_j\right)\in X}\mathcal{L}\left(f_{\theta }\left(\mathbf{z},{\mathbf{x}}_j\right),s_j\right)+\frac{1}{{\sigma }^2}\Vert \mathbf{z}{\Vert }_2^2$

import torch.nn as nn
import torch
import torch.nn.functional as F


class Decoder(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        latent_size,
        dims,
        dropout=None,
        dropout_prob=0.0,
        norm_layers=(),
        latent_in=(),
        weight_norm=False,
        xyz_in_all=None,
        use_tanh=False,
        latent_dropout=False,
    ):
        super(Decoder, self).__init__()

        def make_sequence():
            return []

        dims = [latent_size + 3] + dims + [1]

        self.num_layers = len(dims)
        self.norm_layers = norm_layers
        self.latent_in = latent_in
        self.latent_dropout = latent_dropout
        if self.latent_dropout:
            self.lat_dp = nn.Dropout(0.2)

        self.xyz_in_all = xyz_in_all
        self.weight_norm = weight_norm

        for layer in range(0, self.num_layers - 1):
            if layer + 1 in latent_in:
                out_dim = dims[layer + 1] - dims[0]
            else:
                out_dim = dims[layer + 1]
                if self.xyz_in_all and layer != self.num_layers - 2:
                    out_dim -= 3

            if weight_norm and layer in self.norm_layers:
                setattr(
                    self,
                    "lin" + str(layer),
                    nn.utils.weight_norm(nn.Linear(dims[layer], out_dim)),
                )
            else:
                setattr(self, "lin" + str(layer), nn.Linear(dims[layer], out_dim))

            if (
                (not weight_norm)
                and self.norm_layers is not None
                and layer in self.norm_layers
            ):
                setattr(self, "bn" + str(layer), nn.LayerNorm(out_dim))

        self.use_tanh = use_tanh
        if use_tanh:
            self.tanh = nn.Tanh()
        self.relu = nn.ReLU()

        self.dropout_prob = dropout_prob
        self.dropout = dropout
        self.th = nn.Tanh()

    # input: N x (L+3)
    def forward(self, input):
        xyz = input[:, -3:]

        if input.shape[1] > 3 and self.latent_dropout:
            latent_vecs = input[:, :-3]
            latent_vecs = F.dropout(latent_vecs, p=0.2, training=self.training)
            x = torch.cat([latent_vecs, xyz], 1)
        else:
            x = input

        for layer in range(0, self.num_layers - 1):
            lin = getattr(self, "lin" + str(layer))
            if layer in self.latent_in:
                x = torch.cat([x, input], 1)
            elif layer != 0 and self.xyz_in_all:
                x = torch.cat([x, xyz], 1)
            x = lin(x)
            # last layer Tanh
            if layer == self.num_layers - 2 and self.use_tanh:
                x = self.tanh(x)
            if layer < self.num_layers - 2:
                if (
                    self.norm_layers is not None
                    and layer in self.norm_layers
                    and not self.weight_norm
                ):
                    bn = getattr(self, "bn" + str(layer))
                    x = bn(x)
                x = self.relu(x)
                if self.dropout is not None and layer in self.dropout:
                    x = F.dropout(x, p=self.dropout_prob, training=self.training)

        if hasattr(self, "th"):
            x = self.th(x)

        return x