RabbitMQ 入门教程

介绍

RabbitMQ 是一个消息代理和队列服务器，实现 [AMQP](https://www.rabbitmq.com/tutorials/amqp-concepts.html) (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) 标准。它支持多种消息协议，并且可以轻松地与许多应用程序集成。

本教程将引导你完成设置和使用 RabbitMQ 的基本步骤，包括安装、配置以及如何编写简单的生产者和消费者应用。

安装 RabbitMQ

1. 安装 RabbitMQ 服务器

对于 Ubuntu/Debian:

```bash

sudo apt update

sudo apt install rabbitmq-server

```

对于 CentOS/RHEL:

```bash

sudo yum install epel-release

sudo yum install rabbitmq-server

```

启动服务:

```bash

sudo systemctl start rabbitmq-server

sudo systemctl enable rabbitmq-server

```

2. 配置管理插件

```bash

sudo rabbitmq-plugins enable rabbitmq_management

```

3. 访问管理界面

- 打开浏览器访问 `http://localhost:15672/`

- 用户名和密码默认都是 `guest`

第一步：发送消息

创建一个简单的程序来发送消息到 RabbitMQ。

发送端 (sender.py)

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',

routing_key='hello',

body='Hello World!')

print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'")

connection.close()

```

第二步：接收消息

创建一个消费者程序来接收消息。

接收端 (receiver.py)

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

channel.basic_consume(queue='hello',

on_message_callback=callback,

auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```

第三步：工作队列

通过工作队列来实现任务的异步处理。

生产者 (task_producer.py)

```python

import pika

import sys

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

message = ' '.join(sys.argv[1:]) or "Hello World!"

channel.basic_publish(

exchange='',

routing_key='task_queue',

body=message,

properties=pika.BasicProperties(

delivery_mode=2, # make message persistent

))

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

消费者 (task_consumer.py)

```python

import pika

import time

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

time.sleep(body.count(b'.'))

print(" [x] Done")

ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

channel.basic_consume(queue='task_queue', on_message_callback=callback)

channel.start_consuming()

```

第四步：发布/订阅模式

实现发布/订阅模型。

发布者 (publisher.py)

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

message = "Info: Hello World!"

channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs', routing_key='', body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

订阅者 (subscriber.py)

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue=queue_name)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] %r" % body)

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()