RabbitMQ 入门教程

介绍

RabbitMQ 是一个开源的消息代理和队列服务器，实现了 AMQP 0-9-1 标准。它能够接收、存储并转发消息数据。本教程将引导你通过一系列步骤来设置并使用 RabbitMQ。

环境准备

安装 RabbitMQ

1. 下载安装包:

```bash

wget https://github.com/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-server/releases/download/v3.9.15/rabbitmq-server-generic-unix-3.9.15.tar.xz

```

2. 解压并安装:

```bash

tar -xJvf rabbitmq-server-generic-unix-3.9.15.tar.xz

cd rabbitmq_server-3.9.15

./rabbitmq-plugins enable rabbitmq_management

```

3. 启动服务:

```bash

./sbin/rabbitmq-server

```

安装客户端库

1. Python:

```bash

pip install pika

```

基础概念

- Broker: 接收和转发消息的应用，即 RabbitMQ 服务器。

- Publish: 发布消息到交换器 (Exchange)。

- Exchange: 根据绑定规则将消息路由到队列 (Queue)。

- Queue: 存储消息直到它们被消费。

- Consumer: 消费队列中的消息。

- Binding: 队列与交换器之间的关联规则。

第一步: 创建生产者

创建一个简单的 Python 脚本来发送消息。

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

创建名为 'hello' 的队列

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

发送消息到 'hello' 队列

message = "Hello World!"

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',

routing_key='hello',

body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

第二步: 创建消费者

创建另一个脚本来接收消息。

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

声明队列，确保生产者和消费者的队列一致

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

开始消费队列中的消息

channel.basic_consume(queue='hello',

on_message_callback=callback,

auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```

第三步: 使用交换器

创建直接交换器

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

创建一个名为 'direct_logs' 的直接交换器

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct')

创建一个随机名称的队列

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

绑定队列到交换器

severities = ['info', 'warning', 'error']

for severity in severities:

channel.queue_bind(

exchange='direct_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=severity)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))

channel.basic_consume(

queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()

```

发送日志到直接交换器

```python

import pika

import sys

severity = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'info'

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct')

message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or "Hello World!"

channel.basic_publish(

exchange='direct_logs', routing_key=severity, body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message))

connection.close()