RabbitMQ 入门教程

概述

RabbitMQ 是一个消息代理和队列服务器，实现了 AMQP 0-9-1 协议。它可以在分布式系统中作为消息的中间件使用。

安装与配置

安装 RabbitMQ

Ubuntu/Debian

```bash

sudo apt update

sudo apt install rabbitmq-server

```

CentOS/RHEL

```bash

sudo yum install epel-release

sudo yum install rabbitmq-server

```

启动服务

```bash

sudo service rabbitmq-server start

```

创建用户

```bash

rabbitmqctl add_user myuser mypassword

```

设置用户权限

```bash

rabbitmqctl set_user_tags myuser administrator

rabbitmqctl set_permissions -p / myuser ".*" ".*" ".*"

```

启用管理插件

```bash

rabbitmq-plugins enable rabbitmq_management

```

访问管理界面

- 浏览器访问: http://localhost:15672/

- 默认登录: guest/guest

发布/订阅模式 (Pub/Sub)

Python 示例

安装 pika

```bash

pip install pika

```

发布者 (publisher.py)

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

message = "Hello World!"

channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs', routing_key='', body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

订阅者 (consumer.py)

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue=queue_name)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()

```

工作队列 (Work Queues)

Python 示例

生产者 (producer.py)

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

message = "A new task"

channel.basic_publish(

exchange='',

routing_key='task_queue',

body=message,

properties=pika.BasicProperties(

delivery_mode=pika.spec.PERSISTENT_DELIVERY_MODE

))

print(" [x] Sent 'A new task'")

connection.close()

```

消费者 (worker.py)

```python

import pika

import time

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body.decode())

time.sleep(body.count(b'.'))

print(" [x] Done")

ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

channel.basic_consume(queue='task_queue', on_message_callback=callback)

channel.start_consuming()

```

请求/响应模式 (RPC)

Python 示例

客户端 (rpc_client.py)

```python

import pika

import uuid

class FibonacciRpcClient:

def __init__(self):

self.connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost'))

self.channel = self.connection.channel()

result = self.channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

self.callback_queue = result.method.queue

self.channel.basic_consume(

queue=self.callback_queue,

on_message_callback=self.on_response,

auto_ack=True)

def on_response(self, ch, method, props, body):

if self.corr_id == props.correlation_id:

self.response = body

def call(self, n):

self.response = None

self.corr_id = str(uuid.uuid4())

self.channel.basic_publish(

exchange='',

routing_key='rpc_queue',

properties=pika.BasicProperties(

reply_to=self.callback_queue,

correlation_id=self.corr_id,

),

body=str(n))

while self.response is None:

self.connection.process_data_events()

return int(self.response)

fibonacci_rpc = FibonacciRpcClient()

print(" [x] Requesting fib(30)")

response = fibonacci_rpc.call(30)

print(" [.] Got %r" % response)

```

服务器 (rpc_server.py)

```python

import pika

import sys

def fib(n):

if n == 0:

return 0

elif n == 1:

return 1

else:

return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)

def on_request(ch, method, props, body):

n = int(body)

print(" [.] fib(%s)" % n)

response = fib(n)

ch.basic_publish(exchange='',

routing_key=props.reply_to,

properties=pika.BasicProperties(correlation_id=props.correlation_id),

body=str(response))

ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='rpc_queue')

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

channel.basic_consume(queue='rpc_queue', on_message_callback=on_request)

print(" [x] Awaiting RPC requests")

channel.start_consuming()