傅里叶级数
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f(t)=a_0+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{[a_ncos(n\omega_1t)+b_nsin(n\omega_1t)]}
f(t)=a0+n=1∑∞[ancos(nω1t)+bnsin(nω1t)]
其中: a 0 = 1 T 1 ∫ t 0 t 0 + T 1 f ( t ) d t a_0=\frac{1}{T_1}\int_{t_0}^{t_0+T_1}f(t)dt a0=T11∫t0t0+T1f(t)dt
a n = 2 T 1 ∫ t 0 t 0 + T 1 f ( t ) ⋅ c o s ( n ω 1 t ) d t a_n=\frac{2}{T_1}\int_{t_0}^{t_0+T_1}f(t)\cdot cos(n\omega_1t)dt an=T12∫t0t0+T1f(t)⋅cos(nω1t)dt
b n = 2 T 1 ∫ t 0 t 0 + T 1 f ( t ) ⋅ s i n ( n ω 1 t ) d t b_n=\frac{2}{T_1}\int_{t_0}^{t_0+T_1}f(t)\cdot sin(n\omega_1t)dt bn=T12∫t0t0+T1f(t)⋅sin(nω1t)dt
合并同频项: f ( t ) = A 0 + ∑ n = 1 ∞ A n s i n ( n ω 1 t + φ n ) f(t)=A_0+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{A_nsin(n\omega_1t+\varphi _n)} f(t)=A0+∑n=1∞Ansin(nω1t+φn)
其中: A 0 = a 0 , A n = a n 2 + b n 2 , φ n = a r c t a n a n b n A_0=a_0 , A_n=\sqrt{ a_n^2+b_n^2 },\varphi _n=arctan\frac{a_n}{b_n} A0=a0,An=an2+bn2,φn=arctanbnan
指数形式: f ( t ) = ∑ n = − ∞ ∞ F n ⋅ e j n ω 1 t f(t)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}{F_n\cdot e^{jn\omega_1t}} f(t)=∑n=−∞∞Fn⋅ejnω1t
其中: F n = 1 T 1 ∫ t 0 t 0 + T 1 f ( t ) e − j n ω 1 t d t = F_n=\frac{1}{T_1}\int_{t_0}^{t_0+T_1} f(t)e^{-jn\omega_1t}dt= Fn=T11∫t0t0+T1f(t)e−jnω1tdt=
1 2 ( a n − j b n ) = 1 2 a n 2 + b n 2 e j φ n , φ n = a r c t a n ( − b n a n ) \frac{1}{2}(a_n-jb_n)=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{a_n^2+b_n^2}e^{j\varphi_n},\varphi_n=arctan(-\frac{b_n}{a_n}) 21(an−jbn)=21an2+bn2ejφn,φn=arctan(−anbn)
帕塞瓦尔定理:
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P=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}{|F_n|^2}
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傅里叶变换
正变换:
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F(j\omega)=\mathscr{F}[f(t)]=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f(t)e^{-j\omega t}dt
F(jω)=F[f(t)]=∫−∞∞f(t)e−jωtdt
逆变换:
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f(t)=\mathscr{F}^{-1}[F(j\omega)]=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}F(j\omega)e^{j\omega t}d\omega
f(t)=F−1[F(jω)]=2π1∫−∞∞F(jω)ejωtdω
基本信号的傅里叶变换:
信号类型 | 傅里叶变换 |
---|---|
单边指数: | e − α t ε ( t ) ← → e^{-\alpha t}\varepsilon(t)\leftarrow\rightarrow e−αtε(t)←→ 1 α + j ω \frac{1}{\alpha+j\omega} α+jω1 |
双边指数: | e − α t ( 绝 对 值 ) e^{-\alpha t(绝对值)} e−αt(绝对值) ← → \leftarrow\rightarrow ←→ 2 α α 2 + ω 2 \frac{2\alpha}{\alpha^2+\omega^2} α2+ω22α |
门信号: | g τ ( t ) g_{\tau}(t) gτ(t) ← → \leftarrow\rightarrow ←→ τ S a ( ω τ 2 ) \tau Sa(\frac{\omega \tau }{2}) τSa(2ωτ) |
符号函数: | s g n ( t ) sgn(t) sgn(t) ← → \leftarrow\rightarrow ←→ 2 j ω \frac{2}{j\omega} jω2 |
冲激函数: | δ ( t ) \delta (t) δ(t) ← → \leftarrow\rightarrow ←→ 1 1 1 |
常数1: | 1 1 1 ← → \leftarrow\rightarrow ←→ 2 π δ ( ω ) 2\pi\delta(\omega) 2πδ(ω) |
冲激偶: | δ ′ ( t ) \delta{\prime}(t) δ′(t) ← → \leftarrow\rightarrow ←→ j ω {j\omega} jω |
阶跃函数: | ε ( t ) \varepsilon(t) ε(t) ← → \leftarrow\rightarrow ←→ π δ ( ω ) + 1 j ω {\pi\delta(\omega)+\frac{1}{j\omega}} πδ(ω)+jω1 |
性质:
线性: a 1 f 1 ( t ) + a 2 f 2 ( t ) a_1f_1(t)+a_2f_2(t) a1f1(t)+a2f2(t) ← → \leftarrow\rightarrow ←→ a 1 F 1 ( ω ) + a 2 F 2 ( ω ) a_1F_1(\omega)+a_2F_2(\omega) a1F1(ω)+a2F2(ω)
对称性: F ( t ) F(t) F(t) ← → \leftarrow\rightarrow ←→ 2 π f ( − ω ) 2\pi f(-\omega) 2πf(−ω)
尺度变换: f ( a t ) f(at) f(at) ← → \leftarrow\rightarrow ←→ 1 ∣ a ∣ F ( j ω a ) \frac{1}{|a|}F(j\frac{\omega}{a}) ∣a∣1F(jaω)
虚实特性:
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F(\omega)=R(\omega)+jX(\omega),R(\omega)偶,X(\omega)奇
F(ω)=R(ω)+jX(ω),R(ω)偶,X(ω)奇
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f(t)实偶,F(\omega)实偶;f(t)实奇,F(\omega)虚奇
f(t)实偶,F(ω)实偶;f(t)实奇,F(ω)虚奇
位移:时移:
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F(j\omega)e^{-j\omega t_0}=>
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e^{-j\omega t_0}
e−jωt0
频移:
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2\pi\delta(\omega-\omega _0)
2πδ(ω−ω0)
==> { c o s ω 0 t = 1 2 ( e j ω t + e − j ω t ) s i n ω 0 t = 1 2 j ( e j ω t − e j ω t ) = > { f ( t ) c o s ( ω 0 t ) ← → 1 2 [ F ( ω − ω 0 ) + F ( ω + ω 0 ) ] f ( t ) s i n ( ω 0 t ) ← → 1 2 j [ F ( ω − ω 0 ) + F ( ω + ω 0 ) ] \begin{cases} {}cos\omega_0 t =\frac{1}{2}(e^{j\omega t}+e^{-j\omega t})\\{sin\omega_0 t =\frac{1}{2j}(e^{j\omega t}-e^{j\omega t})} \end{cases}=>\begin{cases} {f(t)cos(\omega_0 t)\leftarrow\rightarrow\frac{1}{2}[F(\omega-\omega_0)+F(\omega+\omega_0)]}\\ {f(t)sin(\omega_0 t) \leftarrow\rightarrow \frac{1}{2j}[F(\omega-\omega_0)+F(\omega+\omega_0)]} \end{cases} {cosω0t=21(ejωt+e−jωt)sinω0t=2j1(ejωt−ejωt)=>{f(t)cos(ω0t)←→21[F(ω−ω0)+F(ω+ω0)]f(t)sin(ω0t)←→2j1[F(ω−ω0)+F(ω+ω0)]
==> { c o s ω 0 t ← → π [ δ ( ω − ω 0 ) + δ ( ω + ω 0 ) ) ] s i n ω 0 t ← → π j [ δ ( ω − ω 0 ) − δ ( ω + ω 0 ) ) ] \begin{cases} {cos\omega_0t \leftarrow\rightarrow \pi [\delta(\omega-\omega_0)+\delta(\omega+\omega_0))] }\\ {sin\omega_0t \leftarrow\rightarrow \frac{\pi}{j} [\delta(\omega-\omega_0)-\delta(\omega+\omega_0))]}\end{cases} {cosω0t←→π[δ(ω−ω0)+δ(ω+ω0))]sinω0t←→jπ[δ(ω−ω0)−δ(ω+ω0))]
调 制 定 理 : 若 信 号 f ( t ) 乘 以 c o s ω 0 t 或 s i n ω 0 t , 等 效 于 f ( t ) 的 频 谱 一 分 为 二 , 沿 数 轴 向 左 或 向 右 各 平 移 ω 0 调制定理:若信号f(t)乘以cos\omega_0t或sin\omega_0t,等效于f(t)的频谱一分为二,沿数轴向左或向右各平移\omega_0 调制定理:若信号f(t)乘以cosω0t或sinω0t,等效于f(t)的频谱一分为二,沿数轴向左或向右各平移ω0
推导:
f ( t ) ⋅ C o s ( ω 0 t ) f(t)\cdot Cos(\omega_0t) f(t)⋅Cos(ω0t)
傅里叶变换:
1 2 π F ( j ω ) ∗ π [ δ ( ω + ω 0 ) + δ ( ω − ω 0 ) ) ] \frac{1} {2\pi}F(j\omega)*\pi[\delta(\omega+\omega_0)+\delta(\omega-\omega_0))] 2π1F(jω)∗π[δ(ω+ω0)+δ(ω−ω0))]
= 1 2 F ( j ω ) ∗ δ ( ω + ω 0 ) + 1 2 F ( j ω ) ∗ δ ( ω − ω 0 ) \frac{1}{2}F(j\omega)*\delta(\omega+\omega_0)+\frac{1}{2}F(j\omega)*\delta(\omega-\omega_0) 21F(jω)∗δ(ω+ω0)+21F(jω)∗δ(ω−ω0)
由冲激函数性质 f ( t ) ∗ δ ( t − t 0 ) = f ( t − t 0 ) f(t)*\delta(t-t_0)=f(t-t_0) f(t)∗δ(t−t0)=f(t−t0)
= 1 2 F ( j ( ω + ω 0 ) ) + 1 2 F ( j ( ω − ω 0 ) \frac{1}{2}F(j(\omega+\omega_0))+\frac{1}{2}F(j(\omega-\omega_0) 21F(j(ω+ω0))+21F(j(ω−ω0)
卷积:时域卷积: f 1 ( t ) ∗ f 2 ( t ) ← → F 1 ( ω ) ⋅ F 2 ( ω ) f_1(t)*f_2(t) \leftarrow\rightarrow F_1(\omega)\cdot F_2(\omega) f1(t)∗f2(t)←→F1(ω)⋅F2(ω)
频域卷积: f 1 ( t ) ⋅ f 2 ( t ) ← → 1 2 π F 1 ( ω ) ∗ F 2 ( ω ) f_1(t)\cdot f_2(t) \leftarrow\rightarrow \frac{1}{2\pi}F_1(\omega)*F_2(\omega) f1(t)⋅f2(t)←→2π1F1(ω)∗F2(ω)
微积分:时域: { 微 分 : d f ( t ) d t ← → j ω F ( j ω ) 积 分 : ∫ − ∞ t f ( τ ) d τ ← → 1 j ω F ( j ω ) + π F ( 0 ) δ ( i k ω ) \begin{cases} {微分:\frac{df(t)}{dt} \leftarrow\rightarrow j\omega F(j\omega )}\\{积分:\int_{-\infty}^{t} f(\tau)d\tau \leftarrow\rightarrow \frac{1}{j\omega} F(j\omega)+\pi F(0)\delta(ik\omega)} \end{cases} {微分:dtdf(t)←→jωF(jω)积分:∫−∞tf(τ)dτ←→jω1F(jω)+πF(0)δ(ikω)
频域: { 微 分 : − j t f ( t ) ← → d F ( j ω ) d ω 积 分 : f ( t ) − j t ← → ∫ − ∞ ω F ( x ) d x \begin{cases} {微分:-jtf(t) \leftarrow\rightarrow \frac{dF(j\omega)}{d\omega}}\\ {积分:\frac{f(t)}{-jt} \leftarrow\rightarrow \int_{-\infty}^{\omega}F(x)dx} \end{cases} {微分:−jtf(t)←→dωdF(jω)积分:−jtf(t)←→∫−∞ωF(x)dx
欧拉公式:
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e^{j\theta}=cos\theta+jsin\theta
ejθ=cosθ+jsinθ
= = > { e j ω t = c o s ω t + j s i n ω t e − j ω t = c o s ω t − j s i n ω t ==>\begin{cases} {e^{j\omega t}=cos\omega t+jsin\omega t}\\{e^{-j\omega t}=cos\omega t-jsin\omega t} \end{cases} ==>{ejωt=cosωt+jsinωte−jωt=cosωt−jsinωt
= = > { c o s ( n ω t ) = e j n ω t + e − j n ω t 2 s i n ( n ω t ) = e j n ω t − e − j n ω t 2 j ==>\begin{cases} {cos(n\omega t)=\frac{e^{jn\omega t}+e^{-jn\omega t}}{2}}\\ {sin(n\omega t)=\frac{e^{jn\omega t}-e^{-jn\omega t}}{2j}} \end{cases} ==>{cos(nωt)=2ejnωt+e−jnωtsin(nωt)=2jejnωt−e−jnωt
阶跃信号和冲激信号:
冲激函数:
加权特性:
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f(t)\delta(t)=f(0)\delta(t),f(t)\delta(t-t_0)=f(t_0)\delta(t-t_0)
f(t)δ(t)=f(0)δ(t),f(t)δ(t−t0)=f(t0)δ(t−t0)
抽样特性:
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\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f(t)\delta(t)dt=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f(0)\delta(t)dt=f(0)
∫−∞∞f(t)δ(t)dt=∫−∞∞f(0)δ(t)dt=f(0)
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\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f(t)\delta(t-t_0)dt=f(t_0)
∫−∞∞f(t)δ(t−t0)dt=f(t0)
尺度变换:
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\delta(at)=\frac{1}{|a|}\delta(t),\delta(at-t_0)=\frac{1}{|a|}\delta(t-\frac{t_0}{a})
δ(at)=∣a∣1δ(t),δ(at−t0)=∣a∣1δ(t−at0)
冲激偶:
抽样特性:
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∫−∞∞f(t)δ′(t)dt=f(t)δ(t)∣−∞∞−∫−∞∞δ(t)f′(t)dt=
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-\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\delta(t)f{\prime}(0)dt=-f{\prime}(0)
−∫−∞∞δ(t)f′(0)dt=−f′(0)
加权特性:
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f(t)\delta{\prime}(t)=f(0)\delta{\prime}(t)-f{\prime}(0)\delta(t)
f(t)δ′(t)=f(0)δ′(t)−f′(0)δ(t)
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f(t)\delta{\prime}(t-t_0)=f(t_0)\delta{\prime}(t-t_0)-f{\prime}(t_0)\delta(t-t_0)
f(t)δ′(t−t0)=f(t0)δ′(t−t0)−f′(t0)δ(t−t0)
卷积运算: f ( t ) = f 1 ( t ) ∗ f 2 ( t ) = ∫ − ∞ ∞ f 1 ( τ ) f 2 ( t − τ ) d τ f(t)=f_1(t)*f_2(t)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f_1(\tau)f_2(t-\tau)d\tau f(t)=f1(t)∗f2(t)=∫−∞∞f1(τ)f2(t−τ)dτ
性质:微分:
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f(t)=f_1{\prime}(t)*f_2(t)=f_1(t)*f_2{\prime}(t)
f(t)=f1′(t)∗f2(t)=f1(t)∗f2′(t)
积分:
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f^{-1}(t)=f_1^{-1}(t)*f_2(t)=f_1(t)*f_2^{-1}(t)
f−1(t)=f1−1(t)∗f2(t)=f1(t)∗f2−1(t)
微积分:
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f(t)=f_1^{-1}(t)*f_2{\prime}(t)=f_1(t)*f_2(t)
f(t)=f1−1(t)∗f2′(t)=f1(t)∗f2(t)
=======>
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f^{(i)}(t)=f_1^{(j)}(t)*f_2^{(i-j)}(t)
f(i)(t)=f1(j)(t)∗f2(i−j)(t)
交换律:
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f_1(t)*f_2(t)=f_2(t)*f_1(t)
f1(t)∗f2(t)=f2(t)∗f1(t)
分配律:
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f_1(t)\ast [f_2(t)+f_3(t)]=f_1(t)\ast f_2(t)+f_1(t)\ast f_3(t)
f1(t)∗[f2(t)+f3(t)]=f1(t)∗f2(t)+f1(t)∗f3(t)
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并联系统h(t)=h_1(t)+h_2(t)
并联系统h(t)=h1(t)+h2(t)
结合律:
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[f_1(t)\ast f_2(t)]\ast f_3(t)=f_1(t)\ast [f_2(t)\ast f_3(t)]
[f1(t)∗f2(t)]∗f3(t)=f1(t)∗[f2(t)∗f3(t)]
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∗
h
2
(
t
)
串联系统h(t)=h_1(t)*h_2(t)
串联系统h(t)=h1(t)∗h2(t)
与冲激函数、冲激偶、阶跃函数
冲激函数
δ
(
t
)
\delta(t)
δ(t):
f
(
t
)
∗
δ
(
t
)
=
f
(
t
)
f(t)*\delta(t)=f(t)
f(t)∗δ(t)=f(t)
f
(
t
)
∗
δ
(
t
−
t
0
)
=
f
(
t
−
t
0
)
f(t)*\delta(t-t_0)=f(t-t_0)
f(t)∗δ(t−t0)=f(t−t0)
f
(
t
−
t
1
)
∗
δ
(
t
−
t
2
)
=
f
(
t
−
t
2
)
∗
δ
(
t
−
t
1
)
=
f
(
t
−
t
1
−
t
2
)
f(t-t_1)\ast \delta(t-t_2)=f(t-t_2)\ast \delta(t-t_1) =f(t-t_1-t_2)
f(t−t1)∗δ(t−t2)=f(t−t2)∗δ(t−t1)=f(t−t1−t2)
冲激偶
δ
′
(
t
)
\delta{\prime}(t)
δ′(t):
f
(
t
)
∗
δ
′
(
t
)
=
f
′
(
t
)
∗
δ
(
t
)
=
f
′
(
t
)
f(t)*\delta{\prime}(t)=f{\prime}(t)*\delta(t)=f{\prime}(t)
f(t)∗δ′(t)=f′(t)∗δ(t)=f′(t)
f
(
t
)
∗
δ
′
′
(
t
)
=
f
′
′
(
t
)
∗
δ
(
t
)
=
f
′
′
(
t
)
f(t)*\delta{\prime\prime}(t)=f{\prime\prime}(t)*\delta(t)=f{\prime\prime}(t)
f(t)∗δ′′(t)=f′′(t)∗δ(t)=f′′(t)
阶跃函数
ε
(
t
)
\varepsilon(t)
ε(t):
f
(
t
)
∗
ε
(
t
)
=
f
(
t
)
∗
δ
−
1
(
t
)
=
f
−
1
(
t
)
=
∫
−
∞
t
f
(
τ
)
d
τ
f(t)*\varepsilon(t)=f(t)*\delta^{-1}(t)=f^{-1}(t)=\int_{-\infty}^{t}f(\tau)d\tau
f(t)∗ε(t)=f(t)∗δ−1(t)=f−1(t)=∫−∞tf(τ)dτ
f
(
t
)
∗
ε
(
t
−
t
0
)
=
∫
−
∞
t
f
(
τ
−
τ
0
)
d
τ
=
∫
−
∞
t
−
t
0
f
(
τ
)
d
τ
f(t)*\varepsilon(t-t_0)=\int_{-\infty}^{t}f(\tau-\tau_0)d\tau=\int_{-\infty}^{t-t_0}f(\tau)d\tau
f(t)∗ε(t−t0)=∫−∞tf(τ−τ0)dτ=∫−∞t−t0f(τ)dτ
(与阶跃函数卷积就是变上限积分,阶跃函数是个理想的积分器)
时移特性: f 1 ( t − t 1 ) ∗ f 2 ( t − t 2 ) = f ( t − t 1 − t 2 ) f_1(t-t_1)*f_2(t-t_2)=f(t-t_1-t_2) f1(t−t1)∗f2(t−t2)=f(t−t1−t2)