第九章 多元函数微分学
——made by njtech Melody
六、题型讲解
1.微分学基本概念
①计算极限
用上学期的一元函数极限知识求解,重点关注两个特殊的极限 lim x → 0 sin x x = 1 lim x → ∞ ( 1 + 1 x ) x = e \begin{aligned} &\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sin x}{x}=1 &\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty}\left(1+\frac{1}{x}\right)^{x}=e \end{aligned} x→0limxsinx=1x→∞lim(1+x1)x=e
【例】 lim x → 0 y → a ( 1 + x y ) sin ( x y ) x 2 \lim _{\substack{x \rightarrow 0 \\ y \rightarrow a}}(1+x y)^{\frac{\sin (x y)}{x^{2}}} limx→0y→a(1+xy)x2sin(xy)
【解】 lim x → 0 y → a ( 1 + x y ) sin ( x y ) x 2 = lim x → 0 y → a [ ( 1 + x y ) 1 x y ] y sin ( x y ) x = e lim x → 0 y → a y sin ( x y ) x e lim x → 0 y → a y 2 sin ( x y ) x y = e a 2 \lim _{\substack{x \rightarrow 0 \\ y \rightarrow a}}(1+x y)^{\frac{\sin (x y)}{x^{2}}}=\lim _{\substack{x \rightarrow 0 \\ y \rightarrow a}}\left[(1+x y)^{\frac{1}{x y}}\right]^{\frac{y \sin (x y)}{x}}=e^{\lim _{\substack{x \rightarrow 0 \\ y \rightarrow a}}\frac{y \sin (x y)}{x}}e^{\lim _{\substack{x \rightarrow 0 \\ y \rightarrow a}}\frac{y^2 \sin (x y)}{xy}}=e^{a^2} limx→0y→a(1+xy)x2sin(xy)=limx→0y→a[(1+xy)xy1]xysin(xy)=elimx→0y→axysin(xy)elimx→0y→axyy2sin(xy)=ea2
②判断连续性
- 根据连续性定理,有限个初等函数和有限个基本运算构成的函数必然连续,可以直接说,当函数出现分式的时候才需要讨论
方法一:定义法:判断
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是否等于
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\lim _{\substack{x \rightarrow x_{0} \\ y \rightarrow y_{0}}} f(x, y) 是否等于f(x_0,y_0)
limx→x0y→y0f(x,y)是否等于f(x0,y0)
方法二:反例法:方法一难以计算时,试着举反例,从某个方向逼近发现值不相等则不连续
③判断可偏导性
(1)计算是否能对x偏导:判断
lim
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\lim _{\substack{x \rightarrow 0}} \frac{f(x, y_0)-f(x_0,y_0)}{x}
limx→0xf(x,y0)−f(x0,y0) 是否存在
(2)计算是否能对y偏导:判断
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limy→0yf(x0,y)−f(x0,y0) 是否存在
④判断可微性
根据定义 △ z = f ( x 0 + △ x , y 0 + △ y ) − f ( x 0 , y 0 ) = A △ x + B △ y + o ( ρ ) △z=f(x_0+△x,y_0+△y)-f(x_0,y_0)=A△x+B△y+o(ρ) △z=f(x0+△x,y0+△y)−f(x0,y0)=A△x+B△y+o(ρ) 可知,要证可微,则需要判断 lim ρ → 0 Δ z − A Δ x − B Δ y ρ 是否 0 \lim _{\rho \rightarrow 0} \frac{\Delta z-A \Delta x-B \Delta y}{\rho}是否0 limρ→0ρΔz−AΔx−BΔy是否0 ,其中: A = f x ′ ( x 0 , y 0 ) , B = f y ′ ( x 0 , y 0 ) A=f_{x}^{\prime}\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\right), \quad B=f_{y}^{\prime}\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\right) A=fx′(x0,y0),B=fy′(x0,y0)
例如判断函数 f ( x , y ) 在 ( x 0 , y 0 ) f(x,y)在(x_0,y_0) f(x,y)在(x0,y0) 处是否可微
(1)计算
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A=f_{x}^{\prime}\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\right), \quad B=f_{y}^{\prime}\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\right)
A=fx′(x0,y0),B=fy′(x0,y0)
(2)令
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ρ=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}
ρ=x2+y2
(3)判断
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\lim _{\rho \rightarrow 0} \frac{\Delta z-A \Delta x-B \Delta y}{\rho}是否等于0
limρ→0ρΔz−AΔx−BΔy是否等于0.
【例】
讨论函数 f ( x , y ) = { x 2 y x 4 + y 2 , ( x , y ) ≠ ( 0 , 0 ) , 0 , ( x , y ) = ( 0 , 0 ) f(x, y)=\left\{\begin{array}{cl}\frac{x^{2} y}{x^{4}+y^{2}}, & (x, y) \neq(0,0), \\ 0, & (x, y)=(0,0)\end{array}\right. f(x,y)={x4+y2x2y,0,(x,y)=(0,0),(x,y)=(0,0) 在点 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0) 处的连续性、可偏导性.
【解】因为 lim x → 0 y → 0 y = x 2 f ( x , y ) = lim x → 0 x 4 x 4 + x 4 = 1 2 , lim x → 0 y → 0 y = − x 2 f ( x , y ) = lim x → 0 − x 4 x 4 + x 4 = − 1 2 \lim _{\substack{x \rightarrow 0 \\ y \rightarrow 0 \\ y=x^{2}}} f(x, y)=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{x^{4}}{x^{4}+x^{4}}=\frac{1}{2}, \quad \lim _{\substack{x \rightarrow 0 \\ y \rightarrow 0 \\ y=-x^{2}}} f(x, y)=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{-x^{4}}{x^{4}+x^{4}}=-\frac{1}{2} limx→0y→0y=x2f(x,y)=limx→0x4+x4x4=21,limx→0y→0y=−x2f(x,y)=limx→0x4+x4−x4=−21, 所以 lim x → 0 y → 0 f ( x , y ) \lim _{\substack{x \rightarrow 0 \\ y \rightarrow 0}} f(x, y) limx→0y→0f(x,y) 不存在, 于是 f ( x , y ) f(x, y) f(x,y) 在
( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0) 处不连续.(举反例法)
因为 lim x → 0 f ( x , 0 ) − f ( 0 , 0 ) x = lim x → 0 0 x = 0 \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{f(x, 0)-f(0,0)}{x}=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{0}{x}=0 limx→0xf(x,0)−f(0,0)=limx→0x0=0, 所以 f x ′ ( 0 , 0 ) = 0 f_{x}^{\prime}(0,0)=0 fx′(0,0)=0, 同理可得 f y ′ ( 0 , 0 ) = 0 f_{y}^{\prime}(0,0)=0 fy′(0,0)=0, 即 f ( x , y ) f(x, y) f(x,y) 在 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0) 处可偏导.
【例】
讨论函数 f ( x , y ) = { x y sin 1 x 2 + y 2 , ( x , y ) ≠ ( 0 , 0 ) , 0 , ( x , y ) = ( 0 , 0 ) , f(x, y)=\left\{\begin{array}{cl}x y \sin \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}}, & (x, y) \neq(0,0), \\ 0, & (x, y)=(0,0),\end{array}\right. f(x,y)={xysinx2+y21,0,(x,y)=(0,0),(x,y)=(0,0), 在点 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0) 处的连续性、可偏导性与可微性.
【解】因为 lim x → 0 y → 0 f ( x , y ) = 0 = f ( 0 , 0 ) \lim _{\substack{x \rightarrow 0 \\ y \rightarrow 0}} f(x, y)=0=f(0,0) limx→0y→0f(x,y)=0=f(0,0), 所以 f ( x , y ) f(x, y) f(x,y) 在 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0) 处连续.(定义法)
因为 lim x → 0 f ( x , 0 ) − f ( 0 , 0 ) x = 0 \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{f(x, 0)-f(0,0)}{x}=0 limx→0xf(x,0)−f(0,0)=0, 所以 f x ′ ( 0 , 0 ) = 0 f_{x}^{\prime}(0,0)=0 fx′(0,0)=0, 同理 f y ′ ( 0 , 0 ) = 0 f_{y}^{\prime}(0,0)=0 fy′(0,0)=0, 即 f ( x , y ) f(x, y) f(x,y) 在 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0) 处可偏导.
令 ρ = x 2 + y 2 , lim ρ → 0 f ( x , y ) − f ( 0 , 0 ) − f x ′ ( 0 , 0 ) x − f y ′ ( 0 , 0 ) y ρ = lim ρ → 0 x y ρ sin 1 ρ \rho=\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}, \lim _{\rho \rightarrow 0} \frac{f(x, y)-f(0,0)-f_{x}^{\prime}(0,0) x-f_{y}^{\prime}(0,0) y}{\rho}=\lim _{\rho \rightarrow 0} \frac{x y}{\rho} \sin \frac{1}{\rho} ρ=x2+y2,limρ→0ρf(x,y)−f(0,0)−fx′(0,0)x−fy′(0,0)y=limρ→0ρxysinρ1,
因为 0 ⩽ ∣ x y ρ sin 1 ρ ∣ ⩽ ∣ x y ∣ ρ ⩽ ρ 2 0 \leqslant\left|\frac{x y}{\rho} \sin \frac{1}{\rho}\right| \leqslant \frac{|x y|}{\rho} \leqslant \frac{\rho}{2} 0⩽ ρxysinρ1 ⩽ρ∣xy∣⩽2ρ 且 lim ρ → 0 ρ 2 = 0 \lim _{\rho \rightarrow 0} \frac{\rho}{2}=0 limρ→02ρ=0, 所以 lim ρ → 0 x y ρ sin 1 ρ = 0 \lim _{\rho \rightarrow 0} \frac{x y}{\rho} \sin \frac{1}{\rho}=0 limρ→0ρxysinρ1=0, 于是 f ( x , y ) f(x, y) f(x,y) 在 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0) 处可微.
⑤计算全微分
设 w = f ( x , y , z ) w=f(x, y,z) w=f(x,y,z) 可微, 则其全微分为 d w = ∂ f ∂ x d x + ∂ f ∂ y d y + ∂ f ∂ z d z \mathrm{d} w=\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \mathrm{~d} x+\frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \mathrm{~d} y + \frac{\partial f}{\partial z} \mathrm{~d} z dw=∂x∂f dx+∂y∂f dy+∂z∂f dz.
【例】 $ u =x^{2}+\sin \frac{y}{2}+e^{x y z} $ 求全微分
【解】 u x ′ = 2 x + y z e x y z u y ′ = 1 2 cos y 2 + x z e x y z u z ′ = x y e x y z ∴ d u = ( 2 x + y z e x y z ) d x + ( 1 2 cos y 2 + x z e x y z ) d y + x y e x y z d z u_{x}^{\prime} =2 x+y z e^{x y z} \\ u_{y}^{\prime} =\frac{1}{2} \cos \frac{y}{2}+x z e^{x y z} \\ u_{z}^{\prime} =x y e^{x y z} \\ \therefore d u =\left(2 x+y z e^{x y z}\right) d x+\left(\frac{1}{2} \cos \frac{y}{2}+x z e^{x y z}\right) d y+x y e^{x y z} d z ux′=2x+yzexyzuy′=21cos2y+xzexyzuz′=xyexyz∴du=(2x+yzexyz)dx+(21cos2y+xzexyz)dy+xyexyzdz
2.全微分,偏导的逆用——求原函数
- 利用定义: △ z = f ( x 0 + △ x , y 0 + △ y ) − f ( x 0 , y 0 ) = A △ x + B △ y + o ( ρ ) △z=f(x_0+△x,y_0+△y)-f(x_0,y_0)=A△x+B△y+o(ρ) △z=f(x0+△x,y0+△y)−f(x0,y0)=A△x+B△y+o(ρ) 其中 A = f x ′ ( x 0 , y 0 ) , B = f y ′ ( x 0 , y 0 ) A=f_{x}^{\prime}\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\right), \quad B=f_{y}^{\prime}\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\right) A=fx′(x0,y0),B=fy′(x0,y0)
当题目中条件满足时,可以读出AB的值
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函数的全微分: d z = ∂ f ∂ x d x + ∂ f ∂ y d y \mathrm{d} z=\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \mathrm{~d} x+\frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \mathrm{~d} y dz=∂x∂f dx+∂y∂f dy , 若知道全微分,可以读出 ∂ f ∂ x \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} ∂x∂f 和 $ \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}$ 从而可以逆推(积分)出原函数
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题目给定条件某某的一阶导,二阶导,逆推(积分)出上一阶的函数
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注意这里偏积分出来的 “+C” 不是一元积分里面的常数C,而是对应的另一个变量函数
【例 】设 ( a x y + y 2 + 3 ) d x + ( x 2 + b x y − 12 ) d y \left(a x y+y^{2}+3\right) \mathrm{d} x+\left(x^{2}+b x y-12\right) \mathrm{d} y (axy+y2+3)dx+(x2+bxy−12)dy 为二元函数 u ( x , y ) u(x, y) u(x,y) 的全微分, u ( x , y ) u(x, y) u(x,y) 二阶连续可偏导且 u ( 0 , 0 ) = 2 u(0,0)=2 u(0,0)=2, 求常数 a , b a, b a,b
的值及函数 u ( x , y ) u(x, y) u(x,y) 的表达式.
【解】二阶连续可偏导,说明混合偏导数相等,抓住这个条件
因为 ( a x y + y 2 + 3 ) d x + ( x 2 + b x y − 12 ) d y \left(a x y+y^{2}+3\right) \mathrm{d} x+\left(x^{2}+b x y-12\right) \mathrm{d} y (axy+y2+3)dx+(x2+bxy−12)dy 为函数 u ( x , y ) u(x, y) u(x,y) 的全微分, 所以
∂ u ∂ x = a x y + y 2 + 3 , ∂ u ∂ y = x 2 + b x y − 12 , ∂ 2 u ∂ x ∂ y = a x + 2 y , ∂ 2 u ∂ y ∂ x = 2 x + b y \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}=a x y+y^{2}+3, \quad \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}=x^{2}+b x y-12, \quad \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y}=a x+2 y, \quad \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial y \partial x}=2 x+b y ∂x∂u=axy+y2+3,∂y∂u=x2+bxy−12,∂x∂y∂2u=ax+2y,∂y∂x∂2u=2x+by, 由 ∂ 2 u ∂ x ∂ y = ∂ 2 u ∂ y ∂ x \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y}=\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial y \partial x} ∂x∂y∂2u=∂y∂x∂2u, 得 a = 2 , b = 2 a=2, b=2 a=2,b=2.
因为 ∂ u ∂ x = 2 x y + y 2 + 3 \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}=2 x y+y^{2}+3 ∂x∂u=2xy+y2+3, 所以 u ( x , y ) = x 2 y + x y 2 + 3 x + φ ( y ) u(x, y)=x^{2} y+x y^{2}+3 x+\varphi(y) u(x,y)=x2y+xy2+3x+φ(y). ∂ u ∂ y = x 2 + 2 x y + φ ′ ( y ) \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}=x^{2}+2 x y+\varphi^{\prime}(y) ∂y∂u=x2+2xy+φ′(y), 由 ∂ u ∂ y = x 2 + 2 x y − 12 \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}=x^{2}+2 x y-12 ∂y∂u=x2+2xy−12, 得
φ ′ ( y ) = − 12 , φ ( y ) = − 12 y + C \varphi^{\prime}(y)=-12, \varphi(y)=-12 y+C φ′(y)=−12,φ(y)=−12y+C, 即 u ( x , y ) = x 2 y + x y 2 + 3 x − 12 y + C u(x, y)=x^{2} y+x y^{2}+3 x-12 y+C u(x,y)=x2y+xy2+3x−12y+C, 由 u ( 0 , 0 ) = 2 u(0,0)=2 u(0,0)=2, 得 C = 2 C=2 C=2.
故 u ( x , y ) = x 2 y + x y 2 + 3 x − 12 y + 2 u(x, y)=x^{2} y+x y^{2}+3 x-12 y+2 u(x,y)=x2y+xy2+3x−12y+2.
【例 】设 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x, y) z=f(x,y) 满足 f ( x , 1 ) = 0 , f y ′ ( x , 0 ) = sin x , f y y ′ ′ ( x , y ) = 2 x f(x, 1)=0, f_{y}^{\prime}(x, 0)=\sin x, f_{y y}^{\prime \prime}(x, y)=2 x f(x,1)=0,fy′(x,0)=sinx,fyy′′(x,y)=2x, 求 f ( x , y ) f(x, y) f(x,y).
【解】由 f y y ′ ′ ( x , y ) = 2 x f_{y y}^{\prime \prime}(x, y)=2 x fyy′′(x,y)=2x, 得 f y ′ ( x , y ) = 2 x y + φ ( x ) f_{y}^{\prime}(x, y)=2 x y+\varphi(x) fy′(x,y)=2xy+φ(x), 则 f y ′ ( x , 0 ) = φ ( x ) f_{y}^{\prime}(x, 0)=\varphi(x) fy′(x,0)=φ(x).
又 f y ′ ( x , 0 ) = sin x f_{y}^{\prime}(x, 0)=\sin x fy′(x,0)=sinx, 则 φ ( x ) = sin x \varphi(x)=\sin x φ(x)=sinx, 即 f y ′ ( x , y ) = 2 x y + sin x f_{y}^{\prime}(x, y)=2 x y+\sin x fy′(x,y)=2xy+sinx.
于是 f ( x , y ) = x y 2 + y sin x + ψ ( x ) f(x, y)=x y^{2}+y \sin x+\psi(x) f(x,y)=xy2+ysinx+ψ(x), 则 f ( x , 1 ) = x + sin x + ψ ( x ) f(x, 1)=x+\sin x+\psi(x) f(x,1)=x+sinx+ψ(x),
解得 ψ ( x ) = − x − sin x \psi(x)=-x-\sin x ψ(x)=−x−sinx, 故 f ( x , y ) = x y 2 + y sin x − x − sin x f(x, y)=x y^{2}+y \sin x-x-\sin x f(x,y)=xy2+ysinx−x−sinx.
【例 】设 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x, y) z=f(x,y) 满足 f ( x , 0 ) = x , f ( 0 , y ) = y 2 , f x y ′ ′ ( x , y ) = x + y f(x, 0)=x, f(0, y)=y^{2}, f_{x y}^{\prime \prime}(x, y)=x+y f(x,0)=x,f(0,y)=y2,fxy′′(x,y)=x+y, 求 f ( x , y ) f(x, y) f(x,y).
【解】由
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fx′(x,y)=xy+21y2+φ(x), 于是
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f(x, y)=\frac{1}{2} x^{2} y+\frac{1}{2} x y^{2}+\int_{0}^{x} \varphi(t) \mathrm{d} t+\psi(y) .
f(x,y)=21x2y+21xy2+∫0xφ(t)dt+ψ(y).
由
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∫0xφ(x)dx=x, 故
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f(x, y)=\frac{1}{2} x^{2} y+\frac{1}{2} x y^{2}+x+y^{2} .
f(x,y)=21x2y+21xy2+x+y2.