【机器学习】科技论文写作Tips储备

在学习的过程中总结一些CS科技论文类写作技巧，大家一起来补充吧~

1.写作Tips(总结自沐神论文解读）

ⅰ 标题+作者：简明扼要，点出重点
ⅱ 摘要：目前在××领域，××方法/架构较好，用了××。本文提出了基于××的××方法…实验总结，提分介绍，泛化到其他任务。（代码推荐放在摘要最后，方便了解论文详细内容和复现）
ⅲ 结论：介绍模型结构、改进之处，在××任务上达到××效果，优势；迁移到其他任务上的应用
ⅳ 导言：摘要前半部分的扩充，篇幅较短、尽可能涵盖提出的新内容
ⅴ相关工作：与本文相关的都是××，与本方法的区别于联系
ⅵ模型：（最重要的章节） 对模型结构/方法的详细描述[分点阐述、总结归纳]；（图表清晰，全局图要解释所有；若要用到已知概念，最好花几句话讲清楚内容；）
ⅶ实验：方法对比，效果展示
ⅷ讨论：文章亮点，局限、未来

2.写SCI常用经典词和常用句型

一、经典替换词

1. individuals, characters 替换 people , persons.

2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换 good.

3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换 bad（如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换。）

4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换 many.

5. a slice of, quiet a few 替换 some.

6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换 think。

7. affair, business, matter 替换 thing.

8. shared 替换 common .

9. reap huge fruits 替换 get many benefits.

10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion.

11. Increasing(ly), growing 替换 more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.）

12. little if anything或little or nothing 替换 hardly.

13. beneficial, rewarding 替换 helpful.

14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替换 customer.

15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换 very.

16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable…替换 unnecessary, avoidable.

17. indispensable 替换 necessary.

18. sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in.

19. capture one’s attention 替换 attract one’s attention.

20. facet, demension, sphere 替换 aspet.

21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替换 indicate,suggest, fear.

22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换 cause.

23. There are several reasons behind sth 替换…reasons for sth.

24. desire 替换 want.

25. pour attention into 替换 pay attention to.

26. bear in mind that 替换 remember.

27. enjoy, possess 替换 have（注意process是过程的意思）。

28. interaction 替换 communication.

29. frown on sth 替换 be against , disagree with sth .

30. as an example 替换 for example, for instance.

31. next to / virtually impossible 替换 nearly / almost impossible.

32. regarding / concerning 替换 about.

33. crucial /paramount 替换 important.

34. 第一（in the first place/the first and foremost）；第二（there is one more point, I should touch on, that…）；第三（the last but not the least）。

35. assiduous 替换 hard-working.

36. arduous 替换 difficult.

37. underdeveloped / financially-challenged 替换poor（因为poor通常含有贬义）.

38. demonstrate / manifest 替换 show.

39. invariably 替换 always.

40. perilous / hazardous替换 dangerous.

41. formidable 替换 difficult.

42. quintessential 替换 typical（举例时常用，例如：a quintessential example should be cited that=for example; for instance）.

43. distinguished 替换 famous.

44. feasible 替换 possible.

45. consequently, accordingly替换 so.

46. 通常，由数据推断出一定的结论，用Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that……

47. 最常见的引述别人观点的词汇
    Much of the research in sexual selection in the last two decades has examined how a female’s preference that does not influence her immediate reproductive success can still evolve if it is genetically correlated with another character under direct selection.(不要每次写到研究时总用study，可以用些其它的词汇，比如examine，work。)
    Two hypotheses for female preference evolution—runaway sexual selection and good genes selection—

state that preferences evolve indirectly because they are genetically correlated with male traits that are under direct selection; that is, the preferences themselves are not under direct selection.(在引述别人的观点时，如果不能完全同意，使用state 比show更加中立些。)

Studies of receiver biases suggest that such analogies might not be broadly applicable.(suggest,又一种较为客观的引述观点的表达方法。)
Burley argued that the preference for red beaks is adaptive because it indicates male health, and this preference is then transferred to leg-band color.(argue,引用别人观点的又一表述。)

According to the anti-monotony hypothesis, habituation plays an important role in the evolution of complex vocalizations in songbirds: Increased song complexity reduces habituation of neighboring males and courting females.(根据…)
Previous studies of acoustic and bioluminescent interactions had emphasized potential advantages to group-signaling organization, such as minimizing predation, preserving species-specific signal characters, or increasing the attractiveness of the group.(带有小小的强调)

48.常见的连接词有
However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with, other results, thus, therefore……用好连接词能使文章层次清楚，意思明确。比如，叙述有时间顺序的事件或文献，最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time.接下来可用Then BB further demonstrated that. 再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC……如果还有，可用More recent studies by DD……

二、常用开头句型

1. In this paper, we focus on the need for
2. This paper proceeds as follow.
3. The structure of the paper is as follows.
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.

Review

1. This review is followed by an introduction.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
3. In the next section, a brief review of the … is given.
4. In the next section, a short review of … is given with special regard to …
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.

Body

1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.

2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.

3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.

5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often … can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window

6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the …

7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …… and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.

8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.

9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.

10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.

11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.

13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.

14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.

15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.

16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.

17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.

18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.

19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model …

20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.

21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.

22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.

23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a … scheme must satisfy.

25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.

26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.

27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments…

This Section

1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section
3. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
4. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
5. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.
6. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
7. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

Summary

1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.

Abstract

1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.

2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.

3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.

4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.

5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.

6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.

7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.

8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.

9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.

10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.

11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.

12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.

13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.

14. This paper analyses problems in

15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by …

16. This paper includes an illustration of the …

17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching

18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.

19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.

21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.

23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Time

1. Over the course of the past 30 years, … has emerged form intuitive

2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3. The advent of … systems for has had a significant impact on the

4. The development of … is explored

5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
   6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

6. There has been a turning point in … methodology in accordance with the advent of …

7. A major concern in … today is to continue to improve…

8. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.

9. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx

10. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.

11. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].

12. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.

Objective / Goal / Purpose

1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.

3. The paper concerns the development of a xx

4. The scope of this research lies in

5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.

6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit …

7. The objectives of the … operations study are as follows:

8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10. The main objective of such a … system is to

11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.

12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13. In order to take advantage of their similarity

14. more research is still required before final goal of … can be completed

15. In this trial, the objective is to generate…

16. for the sake of concentrating on … research issues

17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.

18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.

19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring …methods

20. This illustration points out the need to specify

21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.

22. Chapter 2. Literature Review

23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx

24. A considerable amount of research has been done … during the last decade

25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.

26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.

28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in
    methodological aspects as in concrete applications.

29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.

30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.

31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.

33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.

34. The central issue in all these studies is to

35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.

36. Applied … techniques to

37. Characterized the … system as

38. Developed an algorithm to

39. Developed a system called … which

40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41. Emphasized the need to

42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43. A comprehensive study of the… has been undertaken

44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed
    45.Proposed/Presented/Statethat/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Hasshown/showed/Address/Highlights

45. Point out that the problem of

46. A study on …was done / developed by []

47. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

48. The approach taken by [] is

49. The system developed by [] consists

50. A paper relevant to this research was published by []

51. []'s model requires consideration of…

52. []’ model draws attention to evolution in human development

53. []'s model focuses on…

54. Little research has been conducted in applying … to

55. The published information that is relevant to this research…

56. This study further shows that

57. Their work is based on the principle of

58. More history of … can be found in xx et al. [1979].

59. Studies have been completed to established

60. The …studies indicated that

61. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
    Problem / Issue / Question

62. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.

63. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems

64. … is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

65. Two major problems have yet to be addressed

66. An unanswered question

67. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.

三、一些常用的短语及句式

“In order to prove…., we used…”；“We have set up….”；“To demonstrate…., we further…”；“Consistently/Consistent with…”；“Compared with….”；“Thus, at current time, we have evidence that…”；“We next characterized…”；“We found that…”；“We have noticed that….”；“It’s known that….”；“So we introduced….in our study”；“In contrast…”；“These data suggest that….”；“So we next explored….”；“Notably,

….”；“Importantly, ….”；“Furthermore….”；“Moreover….”；“We have previously shown that….”；“As shown in Fig. 1,……”；“Fig. 1 shows….”；“Overall,….”；“Taken together, these results suggest….”；“These data are consistent with the notion that…”；“Next, we examined the effect of….”；“We next set out to determine whether….”；“Lastly, we examined……”；“In order to establish….”.

3.论文摘要、引言、结论写作Tips

一. 写全摘要三要素，提高论文被引频次和被读率

在当今的信息爆炸时代，各种媒体带给读者大量信息，使人们必须对所面对的信息加以筛选。为了吸引读者，文章摘要的写作就显得尤其重要，有时直接影响文章的被引频次、EI和SCI的收录。对于科技期刊的文章，摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，以不加任何修饰和评价的语言，简明、确切地记述论文的重要内容的短文。摘要（包括英文摘要）主要由三部分组成，即：研究的问题、过程和方法、结果。

从笔者的编辑实践中发现，摘要的写作主要存在以下几个方面的问题：

（1）不能正确把握摘要写法，取引言或结论的某一部分作为摘要；

（2）用感情色彩很重的词修饰和评价论文的工作和研究；

（3）用不常见的，甚至是生造的词定义已有的技术术语，使人看不懂，有时让人误解为新发现或新创造；

（4）摘要中出现公式推导；

（5）摘要中出现参考文献；

（6）英文摘要重点不突出，甚至让人看不懂。

笔者的经验是首先看懂论文所作的工作，找出摘要的三部分，通过E-mail跟作者联系，提请作者根据论文的内容和编辑的要求改写中英文摘要，并建议作者注意英文摘要中专业术语的使用。一般情况下，经过提示，作者能很快改正上述6种错误，改写出很好的中文摘要，但是英文摘要的改写就有许多问题。因为各个作者的英文程度各不相同，有的作者对照中文摘要硬翻，有的作者写的英文摘要根本看不懂，这时就要求编辑静下心来，针对各种不同类型的错误与作者交流。首先要让作者知道，中英文摘要的写作是有区别的，英文摘要不一定与中文摘要一一对应，但一定要开门见山，突出论文的创新独到之处和对研究的贡献大小。大多数作者经过这样一轮都能基本改好，但还有个别作者经过一、两次修改，仍不能达到要求，编辑应参与改写，并把改写的内容再发给作者征求意见。经过这么几轮的循环，论文的摘要便得以凸现，也提高了作者摘要的写作水平。

二. 写好引言，最快展示成果价值

科技论文的引言往往是作者对整个科研过程的思路，以及对某个领域或某个研究方向和研究状况综述，因此其中有大量关于这一方面研究的回顾、进展情况、作者自己研究的心得和对此项研究的前瞻性分析。引言写得好坏直接反映出作者的知识面和作者对该领域认识的深度，并能表示作者所取得的成果可能具有的价值。读者则可通过引言获取比较全面系统的信息，通过与他人成果的比较，可以对论文的创新性或学术价值做出正确的评价。科学知识的创新性和继承性在引言中得到了很好的体现。

引言虽然重要，已引起部分作者的重视，但仍然存在一些问题，主要集中在参考文献的引用不当上，如：

（1）参考文献陈旧；

（2）参考文献以教科书为主；

（3）只引与论文观点相同或相似的参考文献；

（4）为了表明论文的独创性故意漏引一些有提示性的参考文献；

（5）重自引轻他引，尤其不愿引用本单位同行的文章等。

帮助作者写好引言，正确引用并引好参考文献，就要求编辑人员不仅要有一定的专业知识，更要求编辑不断学习，提高自身素质凶，与时代同步，与学科发展同步，只有这样才能给出正确的参考文献信息，既表明了作者对他人劳动的尊重，也避免了抄袭、剽窃的嫌疑，体现了科学的作风和治学态度。

2.1既做“通才”，又做行家，编辑应不断提高自身素质

在科学期刊优秀稿源竞争日益激烈的今天，学报编辑不应只坐在编辑部被动地等作者投稿，而应该积极组织和策划一些反映最新科技动态的稿件，并为作者提供科研选题资料，以提高期刊的含金量。因此编辑不仅要做“通才”，更应尽可能寻找一切机会加强自身的专业知识学习，在本职工作之余积极参加相关的学术和培训活动，与一批从事研究领域的学者交流，一方面丰富自己的专业知识，另一方面可较好地把握所编期刊涉及的科技新动向。另一个重要途径就是加强同国内外知名学者、专家的联系和沟通，尤其要了解他们正在做什么，他们的学生正在做什么，因为这些专家学者是学科的学术权威，他们对所在学科的发展具有一定的预见性，他们的见解将使编辑人员大开眼界，了解当前科研动态，以及对一些科研成果、论文的产生有一定的超前意识。有了这个前提，根据编辑的经验，不仅可以提供给作者正确的、完整的信息，使论文引言部分内容充实，还可使修改一次到位。

2.2引用参考文献并不影响创新性

参考文献是学术论文必不可少的一部分，它不仅反映了作者的科学态度，也反映出该论文的起点、深度及科学依据。

根据笔者的经验，我们所收到的论文大多参考文献条数不多，并且自引较多时，其实自引表明了作者工作的连续性，只要注意提醒作者剔除不必要的自引即可。有些作者只引用对自己有利的文献，对自己不利的文献绝口不提，这就影响了参考文献引用的全面性。解决这个问题，要求编辑和作者充分沟通，让作者认识到科学的发展是一个曲折的过程，引用与自己论点不一的参考文献正是反映了认知发展的过程，并不表明论文工作不完全。有了这样一个基础认识，作者还是愿意加上此类参考文献的。还有的作者为了表明自己工作的创新，不引用一些最新的相关参考文献。笔者就遇到这样的一件事：上海交通大学国内某知名教授创立了一种新型力学模型，这个模型被证明能有效地解决工程实际的数值解中的许多问题，他的学生把他的模型应用到工程实际中的杆、梁、板等方面，解决了不少实际问题并发表了不少文章，他学生的文章对老师文章的引用一篇不少，就是只字不提其他学生的工作对自己的影响，唯恐提到其他的应用就会影响自己的创新，虽然把一个模型从杆的应用延伸到板的应用，表面看没有很多内容，其实在工程研究中，还是有很大创新的。因为边界条件发生了很大的变化，如何使变化的边界条件仍然符合既定的模型，这就有很多工作要做，其中的创新也是不能低估的，不能因为引用相似的参考文献，就降低了论文的创新性。笔者也是跟作者联系，首先打消作者的顾虑，提出请作者把作者老师所有学生已发表的模型应用方面的工作情况全部写入引言，使读者对这方面的工作有个全面的了解。实践证明，引用了相似内容的参考文献并不会削弱论文的创新性，反而提高了论文的完整性，加强了文章的说服力。

三.写好结尾，画好句号

在许多论文中，有些有结论或有结果的论文基本以结论1，2，3结尾，可对于没有结果或暂时还没有明确结论的论文的写作就存在问题，有的泛泛而谈，更有甚者画蛇添足，搞些拟人化的比喻，把结构比作人等，以表明论文研究的重要性或创新性。这主要是由于作者害怕没有结果或结论论文就不完善，影响论文的刊发。一般情况下，只要告诉作者没有结果或结论，但论文只要清楚地表明了研究的意义，即使结果不理想，但只要能正确总结经验给后来者有启示就是成功的论文，希望作者能删除文中不必要的东西，作者很快就会改过来，使文章有个很好的结尾。

Reference

【1】https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/dXRF_ERK0aAC1er8DpuTNA
【2】https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ntplWG_VsevGaeHDNy-23g