有关天线与波的极化方向的小结：线极化，圆极化，椭圆极化

写在前面：好吧这个东西真的让人头疼的不行。。。每次碰到总要再思考一遍，索性这次记录下来以备不时之需

天线极化定义

先定义天线的极化

• Polarization of an antenna in a given direction is defined as “the polarization of the wave transmitted (radiated) by the antenna. ----Antenna Theory by Balanis
  即天线的极化定义为其传输的电磁波的极化。
  那么什么是电磁波的极化呢？
  *Polarization of a radiated wave is defined as “that property of an electromagnetic wave describing the time-varying direction and relative magnitude of the electric-field vector; specifically, the figure traced as a function of time by the extremity of the vector at a fixed location in space, and the sense in which it is traced, as observed along the direction of propagation.”
  电磁波的极化是电场矢量端点随时间的变化（从波的传播方向上看）
  
• The polarization of a wave received by an antenna is defined as the “polarization of a plane wave, incident from a given direction and having a given power flux density, which results in maximum available power at the antenna terminals.”
  天线接收的波的极化方向定义为平面波的极化方向（balabala）
• “Co-polarization represents the polarization the antenna is intended to radiate (receive) while cross-polarization represents the polarization orthogonal to a
  specified polarization, which is usually the co-polarization.”
  主极化和交叉极化的定义（垂直于主极化的是交叉极化，主极化是想要的极化方向）
  线极化，圆极化以及椭圆极化的定义及充要条件想必大家都在大学物理或者电磁场相关课程中学过，这里不再赘述，直接引出这次的重点**（这两个天线极化方向一样么！！！！）**
  
  
  例题如上图所示，可能有人就和我一样迷糊了，这两个单位方向向量一个正虚部一个负虚部，怎么就正好匹配了？不是老师说同样旋向的发射天线和接受天线才能匹配么？？
  嘿，别急，这其实就是一个习惯性参考系的问题。
  上图！
  
  也就是说，描述方向向量的坐标系的习惯性建法一个是顺着波的传播方向（发射天线），一个是顺着来波方向（接收天线），所以出现了不同。但是，天线的极化前文的定义写的很清楚，是其传输的波的极化，而波的极化是顺着波传播方向上看去的电场矢量端点随时间的变化决定的，在这一点上发射天线和接受天线的定义是统一的，都是看波的传播方向上电场矢量方向的变化。