用状态机实现简单的自动售卖机（Verilog）并验证

目录

一、设计要求

二、分析

1、输入输出

（1）input

（2）output

2、状态

3、状态机

三、源代码

1、FSM.v

2、FSM_tb.v

四、仿真波形

---

一、设计要求

使用FSM实现自动售卖机。FSM的概念可参考：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_42922513/article/details/130828381https://blog.csdn.net/qq_42922513/article/details/130828381售卖机描述：商品为可乐，一瓶可乐5元钱，每次只能投三种人民币中的一种，分别是：1元，2元，5元。当投够5元时，出一瓶可乐，并找零。

二、分析

1、输入输出

（1）input

输入包括：时钟信号clk，低电平复位信号rst_n，投币in_m

clk, rst_n, [3:0] in_m;

（2）output

输出包括：可乐goods，找零out_m

goods, [3:0] out_m;

2、状态

根据售卖机中有多少钱，将状态机共划分为5个状态，分别为：IDLE（0元）、S0（1元）、S1（2元）、S2（3元）、S3（4元）。

3、状态机描述

本文采用mealy型状态机。对各状态采用独热码进行编码，5个状态需要5bit。

三、源代码

1、FSM.v

`timescale 1ns/1ns

module FSM (
	input clk,
	input rst_n,
	input [3:0] in_m,
	output reg goods,
	output reg [3:0] out_m
);

reg [4:0] CS, NS;

parameter [4:0]
	IDLE = 'b00001,
	S0   = 'b00010,
	S1   = 'b00100,
	S2   = 'b01000,
	S3   = 'b10000;

//第一always块，同步时序逻辑
always @ (posedge clk or negedge rst_n) begin
	if (!rst_n)
		CS <= IDLE;
	else
		CS <= NS;
end

//第二always块，组合逻辑
always @ (*) begin
	case (CS)
		IDLE:
			if (in_m == 4'd1)		NS = S0;
			else if (in_m == 4'd2)	NS = S1;
			else if (in_m == 4'd5)	NS = IDLE;
			else					NS = IDLE;
		
		S0:
			if (in_m == 4'd1)		NS = S1;
			else if (in_m == 4'd2)	NS = S2;
			else if (in_m == 4'd5)	NS = IDLE;
			else					NS = S0;
		
		S1:
			if (in_m == 4'd1)		NS = S2;
			else if (in_m == 4'd2)	NS = S3;
			else if (in_m == 4'd5)	NS = IDLE;
			else					NS = S1;
		
		S2:
			if (in_m == 4'd1)		NS = S3;
			else if (in_m == 4'd2)	NS = IDLE;
			else if (in_m == 4'd5)	NS = IDLE;
			else					NS = S2;
		
		S3:
			if (in_m == 4'd1)		NS = IDLE;
			else if (in_m == 4'd2)	NS = IDLE;
			else if (in_m == 4'd5)	NS = IDLE;
			else					NS = S3;
	
		default:
			NS = IDLE;
	endcase
end

//第三always块，同步时序逻辑
always @ (posedge clk or negedge rst_n) begin
	if (!rst_n) begin
		out_m <= 'd0;
		goods <= 'd0;
	end
	else begin
		case (CS)
			IDLE: begin
				out_m <= 'd0;
				if (in_m == 'd5)    goods <= 'd1;
				else                goods<= 'd0;
			end
			
			S0: begin
				out_m <= 'd0;
				if (in_m == 'd1 || in_m == 'd2) begin
					goods <= 'd0;
					out_m <= 'd0;
				end
				else begin
					goods <= 'd1;
					out_m <= 'd1;
				end
			end
			
			S1: begin
				out_m <= 'd0;
				if (in_m == 'd1 || in_m == 'd2) begin
					goods <= 'd0;
					out_m <= 'd0;
				end
				else begin
					goods <= 'd1;
					out_m <= 'd2;
				end
			end
				
			S2: begin
				out_m <= 'd0;
				if (in_m == 'd1) begin
					goods <= 'd0;
					out_m <= 'd0;
				end
				else if (in_m == 'd2) begin
					goods <= 'd1;
					out_m <= 'd0;
				end
				else begin
					goods <= 'd1;
					out_m <= 'd3;
				end
			end
			
			S3: begin
				goods <= 'd1;
				if (in_m == 'd1)		out_m <= 'd0;
				else if (in_m == 'd2)	out_m <= 'd1;
				else					out_m <= 'd4;
			end
			
			default: begin
				goods <= 'd1;
				out_m <= 'd0;
			end
		endcase
	end
end
endmodule

2、FSM_tb.v

//FSM_tb.v

`timescale 1ns/1ns

module FSM_tb;

reg clk;
reg rst_n;
reg [3:0] in_m;
wire [3:0] out_m;
wire goods;

FSM u(
	.clk(clk),
	.rst_n(rst_n),
	.in_m(in_m),
	.goods(goods),
	.out_m(out_m)
);

initial begin
	rst_n = 'b0;
	clk = 'b0;
	#50
	rst_n = 'b1;
end

always #20 clk = ~clk;

initial begin
	in_m = 0;
	#50
	in_m = 'd1;
	#40
	in_m = 'd1;
	#40
	in_m = 'd1;
	#40
	in_m = 'd1;
	#40
	in_m = 'd1;
	#40
	in_m = 'd2;
	#40
	in_m = 'd2;
	#40
	in_m = 'd2;
	#40
	in_m = 'd5;
	#40
	in_m = 'd2;
	#40
	in_m = 'd5;
	#40
	$stop;
end

endmodule

3、FSM_tb.sv

使用system verilog进行随机验证。SV相关基础可参考：System Verilog基础_qq_42922513的博客-CSDN博客https://blog.csdn.net/qq_42922513/article/details/130984574

//FSM_tb.sv
`timescale 1ns/1ns

module FSM_tb;

bit clk;
bit rst_n;
bit [3:0] in_m;
bit [3:0] out_m;
bit goods;

FSM u(
	.clk(clk),
	.rst_n(rst_n),
	.in_m(in_m),
	.goods(goods),
	.out_m(out_m)
);

initial begin
	rst_n = 'b0;
	clk = 'b0;
	#50
	rst_n = 'b1;
end

always #20 clk = ~clk;

class packet;
    rand bit [3:0] money_in;
    constraint c{
        money_in dist{1:=1, 2:=1, 5:=1};
    }
endclass

initial begin
	in_m = 0;
    packet M;
    M = new();
	#50
	repeat(20) begin
        assert(M.randomize());
        in_m = M.money_in;
        $display("******* in_m = %0d********/n", in_m);
        #40;
    end
	#40
	$stop;
end

endmodule

四、仿真波形

1、工具：VIVADO，testbench文件：FSM_tb.v

2、工具：VIVADO，testbench文件：FSM_tb.sv

                           

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