常用公式
k ( r k ) = r ( r − 1 k − 1 ) ( r k ) = ( r − 1 k ) + ( r − 1 k − 1 ) ( r k ) = ( − 1 ) k ( k − r − 1 k ) ( r m ) ( m k ) = ( r k ) ( r − k m − k ) ∑ k ≤ n ( r + k k ) = ( r + n + 1 n ) ∑ k = 0 n ( k m ) = ( n + 1 m + 1 ) n , m ≥ 0 \begin{aligned} k{r\choose k}&=r{r-1\choose k-1}\\ {r\choose k}&={r-1\choose k}+{r-1\choose k-1}\\ {r\choose k}&=(-1)^k{k-r-1\choose k}\\ {r\choose m}{m\choose k}&={r\choose k}{r-k\choose m-k}\\ \sum_{k\le n}{r+k\choose k}&={r+n+1\choose n}\\ \sum_{k=0}^{n}{k\choose m}&={n+1\choose m+1}\quad n,m\ge 0\\ \end{aligned} k(kr)(kr)(kr)(mr)(km)k≤n∑(kr+k)k=0∑n(mk)=r(k−1r−1)=(kr−1)+(k−1r−1)=(−1)k(kk−r−1)=(kr)(m−kr−k)=(nr+n+1)=(m+1n+1)n,m≥0
范德蒙恒等式及其变形
∑ k ( r m + k ) ( s n − k ) = ( r + s m + n ) ∑ k ( l m + k ) ( s n + k ) = ( l + s l − m + n ) l ≥ 0 ∑ k ( l m + k ) ( s + k n ) ( − 1 ) k = ( − 1 ) l + m ( s − m n − l ) l ≥ 0 ∑ k ≤ l ( l − k m ) ( s k − n ) ( − 1 ) k = ( − 1 ) l + m ( s − m − 1 l − m − n ) l , n , m ≥ 0 ∑ k = − q l ( l − k m ) ( q + k n ) = ( l + q + 1 m + n + 1 ) n , m ≥ 0 l + q ≥ 0 \begin{aligned} &\sum_{k}{r\choose m+k}{s\choose n-k}={r+s\choose m+n}\\ &\sum_{k}{l\choose m+k}{s\choose n+k}={l+s\choose l-m+n}\quad l\ge 0\\ &\sum_{k}{l\choose m+k}{s+k\choose n}(-1)^k=(-1)^{l+m}{s-m\choose n-l}\quad l\ge 0\\ &\sum_{k\le l}{l-k\choose m}{s\choose k-n}(-1)^k=(-1)^{l+m}{s-m-1\choose l-m-n}\quad l,n,m\ge 0\\ &\sum_{k=-q}^{l}{l-k\choose m}{q+k\choose n}={l+q+1\choose m+n+1}\quad n,m\ge 0\quad l+q\ge 0 \end{aligned} k∑(m+kr)(n−ks)=(m+nr+s)k∑(m+kl)(n+ks)=(l−m+nl+s)l≥0k∑(m+kl)(ns+k)(−1)k=(−1)l+m(n−ls−m)l≥0k≤l∑(ml−k)(k−ns)(−1)k=(−1)l+m(l−m−ns−m−1)l,n,m≥0k=−q∑l(ml−k)(nq+k)=(m+n+1l+q+1)n,m≥0l+q≥0
应用
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{r\choose m}{m\choose k}={r\choose k}{r-k\choose m-k}={r\choose r-k}{r-k\choose m-k}\\
(mr)(km)=(kr)(m−kr−k)=(r−kr)(m−kr−k)
上面这个公式可以应用两次,有时候可能一次不够。