TSP+ACO+python

蚁群算法求解TSP问题

1. TSP问题简介

旅行商人要拜访n个城市，并最终回到出发城市，要求每个城市只能拜访一次，优化目标是最小化路程之和。

2. 例子求解结果

20个城市坐标：(88, 16),(42, 76),(5, 76),(69, 13),(73, 56),(100, 100),(22, 92),(48, 74),(73, 46),(39, 1),(51, 75),(92, 2),(101, 44),(55, 26),(71, 27),(42, 81),(51, 91),(89, 54),(33, 18),(40, 78）
结果路径图如下：

3. 蚁群算法简介

3.1 蚁群算法基本原理

1、蚂蚁在行走过程中会依据信息素来选择道路，选择信息素较浓的路走，并且在行走的路径中会释放信息素，对于所有蚂蚁都没经过的路，则随机选择一条路走；
2、蚂蚁释放的信息素浓度与长度相关，通常与路径长度成反比；
3、信息素浓的路径会受到蚂蚁更大概率的选择，形成正向反馈，最短路径上的信息素浓度会越来越大，最终蚁群就都按这条最短路径走。

信息素计算公式、转移概率、信息素重要程度因子、启发函数重要程度因子、信息素挥发因子等详细介绍可参考蚁群算法详细讲解 和 TSP解决之道——蚁群算法

3.2 算法的两个关键步骤

1、选择：为蚂蚁选择下一个城市，信息素越多的路径被选中概率较大，可用轮盘赌算法实现；
2、信息素更新：一段时间后（蚂蚁走完一个城市或者走完整个路径后）重新计算信息素（计算方法：历史累计信息素-信息素挥发量+蚂蚁行走释放量），蚂蚁行走释放量的常见方法有三种：蚁周算法（ant-cycle，蚂蚁走完整个路径后，蚂蚁行走释放部分用Q/L计算，Q表示蚂蚁释放信息素的量，为常量，L表示路径总长度）、蚁密算法（ant-density，蚂蚁走完一个城市后，蚂蚁行走释放用Q表示）、蚁量算法(ant-quantity，蚂蚁走完一个城市后，蚂蚁行走释放用Q/dij表示，dij表示城市i和j之间的距离)。

4. 蚁群算法设计

在本算法设计中，包含两层循环，外循环是迭代次数循环，内循环遍历每一只蚂蚁，其中信息素增量在每一只蚂蚁走完整体路径后对当前信息素更新，而信息素挥发只在每一代蚂蚁都走完后对当前信息素更新，流程如下：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
蚁群算法求解TSP问题
随机在（0,101）二维平面生成20个点
距离最小化
"""
import math
import random
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.pylab import mpl
mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']  # 添加这条可以让图形显示中文

#计算路径距离，即评价函数
def calFitness(line,dis_matrix):
dis_sum = 0
dis = 0
for i in range(len(line)-1):
dis = dis_matrix.loc[line[i],line[i+1]]#计算距离
dis_sum = dis_sum+dis
dis = dis_matrix.loc[line[-1],line[0]]
dis_sum = dis_sum+dis

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token builtin">round</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>dis_sum<span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

def intialize(CityCoordinates,antNum):
“”"
初始化，为蚂蚁分配初始城市
输入：CityCoordinates-城市坐标;antNum-蚂蚁数量
输出：cityList-蚂蚁初始城市列表，记录蚂蚁初始城市;cityTabu-蚂蚁城市禁忌列表，记录蚂蚁未经过城市
“”"
cityList,cityTabu = [None]antNum,[None]antNum#初始化
for i in range(len(cityList)):
city = random.randint(0, len(CityCoordinates)-1)#初始城市，默认城市序号为0开始计算
cityList[i] = [city]
cityTabu[i] = list(range(len(CityCoordinates)))
cityTabu[i].remove(city)

<span class="token keyword">return</span> cityList<span class="token punctuation">,</span>cityTabu

def select(antCityList,antCityTabu,trans_p):
‘’’
轮盘赌选择，根据出发城市选出途径所有城市
输入：trans_p-概率矩阵;antCityTabu-城市禁忌表，即未经过城市;
输出：完整城市路径-antCityList;
‘’'
while len(antCityTabu) > 0:
if len(antCityTabu) == 1:
nextCity = antCityTabu[0]
else:
fitness = []
for i in antCityTabu:fitness.append(trans_p.loc[antCityList[-1],i])#取出antCityTabu对应的城市转移概率
sumFitness = sum(fitness)
randNum = random.uniform(0, sumFitness)
accumulator = 0.0
for i, ele in enumerate(fitness):
accumulator += ele
if accumulator >= randNum:
nextCity = antCityTabu[i]
break
antCityList.append(nextCity)
antCityTabu.remove(nextCity)

<span class="token keyword">return</span> antCityList

def calTrans_p(pheromone,alpha,beta,dis_matrix,Q):
‘’’
根据信息素计算转移概率
输入：pheromone-当前信息素；alpha-信息素重要程度因子；beta-启发函数重要程度因子；dis_matrix-城市间距离矩阵；Q-信息素常量；
输出：当前信息素+增量-transProb
‘’'
transProb = Q/dis_matrix # 初始化transProb存储转移概率，同时计算增量
for i in range(len(transProb)):
for j in range(len(transProb)):
transProb.iloc[i,j] = pow(pheromone.iloc[i,j], alpha) * pow(transProb.iloc[i,j], beta)

<span class="token keyword">return</span> transProb

def updatePheromone(pheromone,fit,antCity,rho,Q):
‘’’
更新信息素，蚁周算法
输入：pheromone-当前信息素；fit-路径长度；antCity-路径；rho-ρ信息素挥发因子；Q-信息素常量
输出：更新后信息素-pheromone
‘’'
for i in range(len(antCity)-1):
pheromone.iloc[antCity[i],antCity[i+1]] += Q/fit
pheromone.iloc[antCity[-1],antCity[0]] += Q/fit

<span class="token keyword">return</span> pheromone

#画路径图
def draw_path(line,CityCoordinates):
x,y= [],[]
for i in line:
Coordinate = CityCoordinates[i]
x.append(Coordinate[0])
y.append(Coordinate[1])
x.append(x[0])
y.append(y[0])

plt<span class="token punctuation">.</span>plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y<span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token string">'r-'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> color<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'#4169E1'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> alpha<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">0.8</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> linewidth<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">0.8</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
plt<span class="token punctuation">.</span>xlabel<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'x'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
plt<span class="token punctuation">.</span>ylabel<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'y'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
plt<span class="token punctuation">.</span>show<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

if name == ‘main’:
#参数
CityNum = 20#城市数量
MinCoordinate = 0#二维坐标最小值
MaxCoordinate = 101#二维坐标最大值
iterMax = 100#迭代次数
iterI = 1#当前迭代次数
#ACO参数
antNum = 50#蚂蚁数量
alpha = 2#信息素重要程度因子
beta = 1#启发函数重要程度因子
rho = 0.2#信息素挥发因子
Q = 100.0#常数

best_fit <span class="token operator">=</span> math<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">pow</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token comment">#较大的初始值，存储最优解</span>
best_line <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment">#存储最优路径</span>

<span class="token comment">#随机生成城市数据,城市序号为0,1,2,3...</span>
<span class="token comment"># CityCoordinates = [(random.randint(MinCoordinate,MaxCoordinate),random.randint(MinCoordinate,MaxCoordinate)) for i in range(CityNum)]</span>
CityCoordinates <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">88</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">16</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">42</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">76</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">76</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">69</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">13</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">73</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">56</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">22</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">92</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">48</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">74</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">73</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">46</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">39</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">51</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">75</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">92</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">101</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">44</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">55</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">26</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">71</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">27</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">42</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">81</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">51</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">91</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">89</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">54</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">33</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">18</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">40</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">78</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>

<span class="token comment">#计算城市间距离,生成矩阵</span>
dis_matrix <span class="token operator">=</span> pd<span class="token punctuation">.</span>DataFrame<span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token boolean">None</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>columns<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>CityCoordinates<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>index<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>CityCoordinates<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> i <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>CityCoordinates<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    xi<span class="token punctuation">,</span>yi <span class="token operator">=</span> CityCoordinates<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>CityCoordinates<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
    <span class="token keyword">for</span> j <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>CityCoordinates<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        xj<span class="token punctuation">,</span>yj <span class="token operator">=</span> CityCoordinates<span class="token punctuation">[</span>j<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>CityCoordinates<span class="token punctuation">[</span>j<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
        <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>xi<span class="token operator">==</span>xj<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>yi<span class="token operator">==</span>yj<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
            dis_matrix<span class="token punctuation">.</span>iloc<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">,</span>j<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">round</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>math<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">pow</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        <span class="token keyword">else</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
            dis_matrix<span class="token punctuation">.</span>iloc<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">,</span>j<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">round</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>math<span class="token punctuation">.</span>sqrt<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>xi<span class="token operator">-</span>xj<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">**</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>yi<span class="token operator">-</span>yj<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">**</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

pheromone <span class="token operator">=</span> pd<span class="token punctuation">.</span>DataFrame<span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token operator">=</span>Q<span class="token punctuation">,</span>columns<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>CityCoordinates<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>index<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>CityCoordinates<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token comment">#初始化信息素，所有路径都为Q</span>
trans_p <span class="token operator">=</span> calTrans_p<span class="token punctuation">(</span>pheromone<span class="token punctuation">,</span>alpha<span class="token punctuation">,</span>beta<span class="token punctuation">,</span>dis_matrix<span class="token punctuation">,</span>Q<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token comment">#计算初始转移概率</span>

<span class="token keyword">while</span> iterI <span class="token operator">&lt;=</span> iterMax<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token triple-quoted-string string">'''
    每一代更新一次环境因素导致的信息素减少，每一代中的每一个蚂蚁完成路径后，都进行信息素增量更新（采用蚁周模型）和转移概率更新；
    每一代开始都先初始化蚂蚁出发城市；
    '''</span>
    antCityList<span class="token punctuation">,</span>antCityTabu <span class="token operator">=</span> intialize<span class="token punctuation">(</span>CityCoordinates<span class="token punctuation">,</span>antNum<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token comment">#初始化城市</span>
    fitList <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token boolean">None</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token operator">*</span>antNum<span class="token comment">#适应值列表</span>
    
    <span class="token keyword">for</span> i <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>antNum<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token comment">#根据转移概率选择后续途径城市，并计算适应值</span>
        antCityList<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> select<span class="token punctuation">(</span>antCityList<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>antCityTabu<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>trans_p<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        fitList<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> calFitness<span class="token punctuation">(</span>antCityList<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>dis_matrix<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token comment">#适应度，即路径长度</span>
        pheromone <span class="token operator">=</span> updatePheromone<span class="token punctuation">(</span>pheromone<span class="token punctuation">,</span>fitList<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>antCityList<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>rho<span class="token punctuation">,</span>Q<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token comment">#更新当前蚂蚁信息素增量</span>
        trans_p <span class="token operator">=</span> calTrans_p<span class="token punctuation">(</span>pheromone<span class="token punctuation">,</span>alpha<span class="token punctuation">,</span>beta<span class="token punctuation">,</span>dis_matrix<span class="token punctuation">,</span>Q<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    
    <span class="token keyword">if</span> best_fit <span class="token operator">&gt;=</span> <span class="token builtin">min</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fitList<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        best_fit <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">min</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fitList<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        best_line <span class="token operator">=</span> antCityList<span class="token punctuation">[</span>fitList<span class="token punctuation">.</span>index<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">min</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fitList<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
        
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>iterI<span class="token punctuation">,</span>best_fit<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token comment">#打印当前代数和最佳适应度值</span>
    iterI <span class="token operator">+=</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token comment">#迭代计数加一</span>
    pheromone <span class="token operator">=</span> pheromone<span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">-</span>rho<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token comment">#信息素挥发更新</span>

<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>best_line<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token comment">#路径顺序</span>
draw_path<span class="token punctuation">(</span>best_line<span class="token punctuation">,</span>CityCoordinates<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token comment">#画路径图</span>

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TSP系列目录

智能优化算法类别	启发式算法求解TSP问题系列博文
进化算法	遗传算法求解TSP问题
仿人智能优化算法	禁忌搜索算法求解TSP问题
仿自然优化算法	模拟退火算法求解TSP问题
群智能优化算法	蚁群算法求解TSP问题
群智能优化算法	粒子群算法求解TSP问题
总结篇	五种常见启发式算法求解TSP问题
改进篇	遗传-粒子群算法&遗传-禁忌搜索算法求解TSP问题

记录学习过程，欢迎指正