python外星人入侵小项目（一）
python外星人入侵小项目（二）
python外星人入侵小项目（三）
python外星人入侵小项目（四）
python外星人入侵小项目（五）
创建第一个外星人
创建Alien 类
alien.py
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Alien(Sprite):
"""表示单个外星人的类"""
def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen):
"""初始化外星人并设置其起始位置"""
super(Alien, self).__init__()
self.screen = screen
self.ai_settings = ai_settings
# 加载外星人图像，并设置其rect属性
self.image = pygame.image.load('images/alien.bmp')
self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
# 每个外星人最初都在屏幕左上角附近
self.rect.x = self.rect.width
self.rect.y = self.rect.height
# 存储外星人的准确位置
self.x = float(self.rect.x)
def blitme(self):
"""在指定位置绘制外星人"""
self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)
创建 Alien 实例
下面在alien_invasion.py中创建一个Alien 实例：
alien_invasion.py
import sys
import pygame
from settings import Settings
from ship import Ship
from alien import Alien
import game_functions as gf
from pygame.sprite import Group
def run_game():
# 初始化游戏并创建一个屏幕对象
pygame.init()
ai_settings = Settings()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((ai_settings.screen_width, ai_settings.screen_height))
pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")
# 创建一艘飞船
ship = Ship(ai_settings, screen)
bullets = Group()
# 创建一个外星人
alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
while True:
gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
ship.update()
gf.update_bullets(bullets)
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, alien, bullets)
run_game()
让外星人出现在屏幕上
为让外星人出现在屏幕上，我们在update_screen() 中调用其方法blitme() ：
game_functions.py
def update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, alien, bullets):
--snip--
# 在飞船和外星人后面重绘所有的子弹
for bullet in bullets:
bullet.draw_bullet()
ship.blitme()
alien.blitme()
# 让最近绘制的屏幕可见
pygame.display.flip()
创建一群外星人
创建多行外星人
为创建一行外星人，首先在alien_invasion.py中创建一个名为aliens 的空编组，用于存储全部外星人，再调用game_functions.py中创建外星人群的函数：
alien_invasion.py
import sys
import pygame
from settings import Settings
from ship import Ship
from alien import Alien
import game_functions as gf
from pygame.sprite import Group
def run_game():
# 初始化游戏并创建一个屏幕对象
pygame.init()
ai_settings = Settings()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((ai_settings.screen_width, ai_settings.screen_height))
pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")
# 创建一艘飞船
ship = Ship(ai_settings, screen)
bullets = Group()
aliens = Group()
# 创建外星人群
gf.create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, aliens)
while True:
gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
ship.update()
gf.update_bullets(bullets)
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
run_game()
game_functions.py
import sys
import pygame
from bullet import Bullet
from alien import Alien
def check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""响应按键"""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
elif event.key == pygame.K_q:
sys.exit()
def fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""如果还没有到达限制，就发射一颗子弹"""
# 创建新子弹，并将其加入到编组bullets中
if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed:
new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
bullets.add(new_bullet)
def check_keyup_events(event, ship):
"""响应松开"""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = False
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = False
def check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""响应按键和鼠标事件"""
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit()
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
check_keyup_events(event, ship)
def update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
"""更新屏幕上的图像，并切换到新屏幕"""
# 每次循环时都重绘屏幕
screen.fill(ai_settings.bg_color)
for bullet in bullets.sprites():
bullet.draw_bullet()
ship.blitme()
aliens.draw(screen)
# 让最近绘制的屏幕可见
pygame.display.flip()
def update_bullets(bullets):
"""更新子弹的位置，并删除已消失的子弹"""
# 更新子弹的位置
bullets.update()
# 删除已消失的子弹
for bullet in bullets.copy():
if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0:
bullets.remove(bullet)
def create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, aliens):
"""创建外星人群"""
# 创建一个外星人，并计算一行可容纳多少个外星人
# 外星人间距为外星人宽度
alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
alien_width = alien.rect.width
available_space_x = ai_settings.screen_width - 2 * alien_width
number_aliens_x = int(available_space_x / (2 * alien_width))
# 创建第一行外星人
for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):
# 创建一个外星人并将其加入当前行
alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
alien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_number
alien.rect.x = alien.x
aliens.add(alien)
运行结果如下：
重构 create_fleet()
倘若我们创建了外星人群，也许应该让create_fleet() 保持原样，但鉴于创建外星人的工作还未完成，我们稍微清理一下这个函数。下面是create_fleet() 和两个新函数，get_number_aliens_x() 和create_alien()
game_functions.py
def get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien_width):
"""计算每行可容纳多少个外星人"""
available_space_x = ai_settings.screen_width - 2 * alien_width
number_aliens_x = int(available_space_x / (2 * alien_width))
return number_aliens_x
def create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number):
"""创建一个外星人并将其放在当前行"""
alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
alien_width = alien.rect.width
alien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_number
alien.rect.x = alien.x
aliens.add(alien)
def create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, aliens):
"""创建外星人群"""
# 创建一个外星人，并计算每行可容纳多少个外星人
alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
number_aliens_x = get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien.rect.width)
# 创建第一行外星人
for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):
create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number)
添加行
要创建外星人群，需要计算屏幕可容纳多少行，并对创建一行外星人的循环重复相应的次数。为计算可容纳的行数，我们这样计算可用垂直空间：将屏幕高度减去第一行外星人 的上边距（外星人高度）、飞船的高度以及最初外星人群与飞船的距离（外星人高度的两倍）。
每行下方都要留出一定的空白区域，并将其设置为外星人的高度。为计算可容纳的行数，我们将可用垂直空间除以外星人高度的两倍（同样，如果这样的计算不对，我们马上就能发现，继而将间距调整为合理的值）。
知道可容纳多少行后，便可重复执行创建一行外星人的代码：
game_functions.py
import sys
import pygame
from bullet import Bullet
from alien import Alien
def check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""响应按键"""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
elif event.key == pygame.K_q:
sys.exit()
def fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""如果还没有到达限制，就发射一颗子弹"""
# 创建新子弹，并将其加入到编组bullets中
if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed:
new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
bullets.add(new_bullet)
def check_keyup_events(event, ship):
"""响应松开"""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = False
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = False
def check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""响应按键和鼠标事件"""
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit()
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
check_keyup_events(event, ship)
def update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
"""更新屏幕上的图像，并切换到新屏幕"""
# 每次循环时都重绘屏幕
screen.fill(ai_settings.bg_color)
for bullet in bullets.sprites():
bullet.draw_bullet()
ship.blitme()
aliens.draw(screen)
# 让最近绘制的屏幕可见
pygame.display.flip()
def update_bullets(bullets):
"""更新子弹的位置，并删除已消失的子弹"""
# 更新子弹的位置
bullets.update()
# 删除已消失的子弹
for bullet in bullets.copy():
if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0:
bullets.remove(bullet)
def get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien_width):
"""计算每行可容纳多少个外星人"""
available_space_x = ai_settings.screen_width - 2 * alien_width
number_aliens_x = int(available_space_x / (2 * alien_width))
return number_aliens_x
def get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship_height, alien_height):
"""计算屏幕可容纳多少行外星人"""
available_space_y = (ai_settings.screen_height - (3 * alien_height) - ship_height)
number_rows = int(available_space_y / (2 * alien_height))
return number_rows
def create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number, row_number):
"""创建一个外星人并将其放在当前行"""
alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
alien_width = alien.rect.width
alien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_number
alien.rect.x = alien.x
alien.rect.y = alien.rect.height + 2 * alien.rect.height * row_number
aliens.add(alien)
def create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens):
"""创建外星人群"""
alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
number_aliens_x = get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien.rect.width)
number_rows = get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship.rect.height, alien.rect.height)
# 创建外星人群
for row_number in range(number_rows):
for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):
create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number, row_number)
alien_invasion.py
import sys
import pygame
from settings import Settings
from ship import Ship
from alien import Alien
import game_functions as gf
from pygame.sprite import Group
def run_game():
# 初始化游戏并创建一个屏幕对象
pygame.init()
ai_settings = Settings()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((ai_settings.screen_width, ai_settings.screen_height))
pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")
# 创建一艘飞船
ship = Ship(ai_settings, screen)
bullets = Group()
aliens = Group()
# 创建外星人群
gf.create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)
while True:
gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
ship.update()
gf.update_bullets(bullets)
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
run_game()
运行结果如下：
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